UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT  LOS  ANGELES 


CHURCH  PHILANTHROPY  IN 
NEW   YORK 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  PHILANTHROPIC 

INSTITUTIONS  OF  THE  PROTESTANT 

EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  IN  THE 

CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


BY 


FLOYD  APPLETON,  A.  B. 


Submitted  in  partial  fulfillment  of  the  requirements 

FOR  THE  degree  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 
IN  THE 

Faculty  of  Political  Science 
Columbia  University 


Nrw  fork 
1906 


•  •14      < 


CHURCH   PHILANTHROPY   IN 
NEW   YORK 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  PHILANTHROPIC 

INSTITUTIONS  OF  THE  PROTESTANT 

EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  IN  THE 

CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


BY 


FLOYD  APPLETON,  A.  B. 


Submitted  in  partial  fulfillment  of  the  requirements 

FOR  the  degree  OF  DOCTOR  OF   PHILOSOPHY 

IN  THE 

Faculty  of  Political  Science 
Columbia  University 


Nfui  tJnrh 

1906 


A  64c 


CONTENTS 


Chapter  I.— EVOLUTION  OF  PHILANTHROPY. 

Chapter  II.— REMEDIAL  EFFORT. 

1.  Institutions  for  the  Sick  and  Disabled  (.Tem- 

porary Relief.) 

2.  Institutions  for  the  Incurable    (including  the 

Blind  and  Deaf.) 

3.  Institutions    for    the    Dependent    (Aged    and 
®  Orphans.) 

ce  4-     Institutions  for  the  Delinquent. 


Chapter  III.— CRITIQUE. 


Appendix    I. — Events    marking    the    beginning    of 

Modern  Philanthropy  about  1853. 
Appendix    II. — Events    marking   the    Expansion    of 

Modern  Philanthropy  about  1873. 
Appendix  III. — Events  marking  the  Completion  of 

the    Thirty    Years    Development    of    Modern 

Philanthropy   about    1885. 


Church   Philanthropy 
in  New  York 


Chapter  I. 

The  Evolution  of  Philanthropy 
While  the  pursuit  of  happiness  is  man's 
inalienable  right,  there  are  many  wrong 
roads  in  that  direction  which  may  be 
chosen.  Few  problems  are  more  intricate 
than  those  connected  with  the  work  of 
setting  people  right  who  have  gone,  or  are 
1.1  danger  of  going  wrong.  For  purposes  of 
study  we  may  group  together  the  unfor- 
tunates who  by  some  accident  have  been 
forced  out  of  the  race,  and  whose  needs  are 
mainly  physical;  the  "unqualified"  who  have 
never  had  a  real  opportunity  and  whose 
difficulty  is  usually  intellectual ;  and  the 
"unrested  masses"  whose  better  selves  are 
being  stunted  by  over  demands  or  who  do 
not  feel  the  obligation  to  improve  their 
time,  and  whose  need  is  largely  moral. 
Such  unfortunate,  unqualified  and  unrested 
people  require  the  help  of  those  stronger 
than  themselves.  With  such  has  the  bene- 
volence of  every  age  had  to  do.  A  brief 
survey  of  the  History  of  the  Church  may 
be  expected  to  show  an  effort  to  give  an- 
other opportunity  in  life  to  those  who  need- 
ed it,  to  train  men  for  the  best  work  they 
were  capable  of  and  show  them  the  pos- 
sibilities of  true  recreation. 


St.  Paul  restored  Philemon's  runaway 
slave  "in  time  past,  to  thee  unprofitable 
but  now"  converted,  instructed,  as  to  his 
true  possibilities,  and  "profitable  to  thee." 
The  new  relationship  of  "a  brother  belov- 
ed" might  be  expected  to  cheer  and  brighten 
life.  (i).  In  the  Book  of  the  Acts  we  have 
numerous  instances  of  help  extended  to  the 
unfortunate  (2)  which  we  may  classify  as 
Remedial  Benevolence;  and  of  new  pos- 
sibilities opened  up  for  the  unqualified  (3) 
which  may  be  termed  Constructive  Benev- 
olence. The  early  Christians  were  often 
cut  off  from  all  social  advantages ;  j'et  the 
unrested  slaves  and  social  outcasts  were  not 
forgotten.  The  Agape  (4)  described  by 
Pliny  (5)  had  its  social  side.  At  the  very 
beginning  of  the  gospel  we  read  of  a  wed- 
ding feast  being  saved  from  interruption. 
(6).  We  may  call  such  effort  Recreative 
Benevolence. 

Remedial  effort  for  the  benefit  of  the  un- 
fortunate has  always  been  the  chief  object 
of  Christian  Benevolence.  At  first  frequent 
oblations  supplied  the  needs  of  the  poor 
who  were  the  especial  charge  of  the  Dea- 
cons and  Widows.  Later  a  quarter  or  a 
third  of  the  Church's  income  was  devoted 


(i)  Epistle   to    Philemon    12.    11    and    16. 

(2)  IX-34;    V-16;    IX-40;     XX-12;     VI-3     and 
XI-29. 

(3)  III-7;    11-44;    IV-34;    XXI-4-16   and   23. 

(4)  St.   Jude   12.     I   Cor.   XI-33. 

(5)  Letters  to  Trajan  XCVI. 

(6)  St.  John  II-ii. 


to  this  purpose.  Even  the  church  plate  Iiad 
been  turned  into  rehef  funds  so  that  St. 
Lawrence  could  truthfully  designate  the 
poor  as  the  treasure  of  his  church.  This 
.sort  of  treasure  increased  disproportionate- 
ly. ( I ) .  As  the  lirst  enthusiasm  waned, 
oblations  had  to  be  sought.  TertuUian  in 
the  second  century  suggests  that  the  "obla- 
tion confirms"  sacred  rites;  (2).  Cyprian 
tells  us  that  prayer  and  fasting  are  of  less 
avail  unless  aided  by  almsgiving.  (3).  As 
the  need  of  relief  increased,  alms  and  ab- 
solution came  to  be  closely  associated,  and 
offerings  for  the  benefit  of  the  dead  were 
next  solicited.    (4). 

After  the  time  of  Constantine,  the  need 
of  the  world  became  the  Church's  respon- 
sibility.    The    bishops    proceeding    to    or- 


(i)  Some  idea  of  the  responsibility  of  a 
bishop  of  the  third  century  may  be  gained  from 
the  "Apostolic  Constitutions."  We  find  there 
(Book   IV^    Concerning   Orphans   No.    2) — 

"Do  ye,  therefore,  O  Bishops,  be  solicitous 
about  their  maintenance;  being  in  nothing  want- 
ing to  them,  exhibiting  to  the  orphans  the  care 
of  parents,  and  to  the  widows  the  care  of 
husbands,  and  to  those  of  suitable  age  marriage, 
to  the  artificer  work,  to  the  unable  commiser- 
ation, to  the  strangers  a  home,  to  the  hungry 
food,  to  the  thirsty  drink,  the  naked  clothing,  to 
the  sick  visitation,  to  the  prisoners  assistance. 
Have  a  greater  care  of  the  orphans  that  nothing 
be  wanting  to  them;  to  the  maid  indeed  until 
she  arrive  at  the  age  of  marriage,  and  ye  give 
her  in  marriage  to  a  brother.  And  assist  ye 
the   lad   that   he   may   learn   a   trade." 

(2)  Ad  u.xor   11-8.     Sec.   I.     St.   Peter  IV-8. 

(3)  Treatise  on  VV^orks  and  Alms,  quoting 
Prov.  XXI-13,  Ps.  XLI-i.  and  Tob.  XII-8. 
Personally  he  bestowed  his  means  liberally 
(Vita  2),  organized  relief  during  the  plague  at 
Carthage    and    ransomed    Numidian    captives. 

(4)  .\nihrose  in  his  "l)e  Officiis  discussing 
the  Cardinal  X'irtues,  placed  Benevolence  under 
the  head  of  Justice.  Men  soon  thought  of  it  as 
belonging  to   Prudence. 


ganize  the  work  established  the  Christian 
hospital.  In  earlier  times  the  sick  and  af- 
flicted had  received  attention  in  Egypt  and 
India,  (i).  Military  hospitals  existed  in 
the  armies  of  Rome  and  Mexico.  The 
shrines  of  Aesculapius  sheltered  the  sick. 
(2).  But  the  origin  of  the  Christian  hos- 
pital is  rather  to  be  found  in  the  bishop's 
guest  apartments,  where  the  stranger,  the 
sick  and  the  poor  found  a  home  and  a 
friend.  (3).  Julian,  the  Apostate,  imitating 
Christian  institutions,  gave  orders  to  "es- 
tablish hostelries  in  every  city,  so  that 
strangers  may  reap  the  benefit  of  our  phil- 
anthropy." (4).  His  statement  that  "these 
impious  Galileans  give  themselves  to  this 
kind  of  humanity,"  appears  among  the  first 
references  to  their  existence.  Basil,  the 
Great,  built  the  most  famous  hospital  of 
that  time  where  even  lepers  were  cai'ed 
for.  (5).  Jerome  is  credited  with  having 
carried  the  hospital  idea  into  western 
Europe  (6)  and  during  the  fifth  century 
these  institutions  multiplied  in  number  and 


(i)  Fa.  Hians  "Travels  from  China  to  In- 
dia," tr.  by   Beal   p.   107. 

(2)  Pausanias  tells  us  that  the  Senator  An- 
tonius  "erected  a  building  where  it  was  both 
lawful  to  die  and  bear  children."  A.  D.  170. 
"Descrijjtion   of  Greece."     Book   11,   chap.   2^. 

(3)  "Christian  Charity  in  the  Early  Church" 
by    Guhlhorn    Bk.    Ill    Ch.    IV. 

(4)  Sozomon's  Eccles.   Hist.   V-16. 

(5)  That  Basil  held  some  modern  ideas  re- 
garding relief  is  shown  by  his  remark  "He  who 
gives  to  a  vagabound  throws  his  money  to  the 
dogs."      Epistle   292. 

(6)  Epistles  LXXVII-6. 


variety.  A  Hospice  for  strangers  at  Por- 
tus,  three  for  the  poor  at  Rome,  and  a  re- 
treat for  insane  monks  at  Jerusalem  are 
mentioned,  (i).  At  Constantinople,  thirty- 
five  institutions  included  Chrysostom's 
two  for  the  sick  and  Justinian's  House  of 
Penance.  The  "Hotel  Dieu"  of  Paris,  was 
founded  in  the  time  of  Gregory  the  Great, 
who  devoted  considerable  attention  to  re- 
lief problems.  He  made  the  hospital  at 
Augustodununi  independent  of  its  Bishops, 
and  such  independence  of  episcopal  control 
becoming  the  prevailing  custom  opened  the 
way  to  irresponsibility  in  the  management 
of  church   institutions. 

The  constructive  benevolence  of  the 
church  during  this  period  covered  a  wide 
field.  The  foundations  of  every  modern 
European  state  were  laid  by  the  church. 
Only  under  her  protection  did  peaceful  oc- 
cupations flourish ;  and  it  was  she  who  pre- 
served to  the  modern  world  "the  products 
of  Milleniums  of  labor."  The  question  may 
be  asked,  whether  the  church  attempted  to 
supply  any  recreative  substitute  for  the 
condemned  ampitheatre.  If  during  the 
fourth  century  services  became  less  so- 
ciable and  sympathetic,  their  magnificence 
and  dramatic  effects  were  everywhere  aug- 
mented. The  story  of  the  first  rendering 
of    the    Te    Deum    at    the    baptism    of    St. 


(i)      Fleury     Hist.     Ecclesiastique     Liv.     X.KX. 
Sec.    XW.   c.    9. 


Augustine    at    Milan    suggests    a    dramatic 
scene  not  uncommon  at  that  day. 

Turning  to  mediaeval  charity  we  find  the 
monastic  orders  establishing  hospitals  with 
at  least  the  partial  motive  of  benevolence. 
Private  piety,  as  previously,  lavished  itself 
upon  the  endowment  of  enduring  relief 
agencies.  Of  the  mediaeval  monuments  in 
modern  London,  few  are  more  interesting 
than  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital.  Found- 
ed in  1 123  as  an  Augustinian  Community 
with  a  master,  eight  brethren  and  four 
sisters,  it  still  occupies  the  site  given  it  in 

1 139.     It   appears   to   have   always   been   a 
hospital  in  our  modern  sense  of  the  word. 

(i).       Such     hospitals     as     St.     Leonard's 

founded  by  Athelstan  in  936  at  York  were 

for  needy  and  strangers. 


(i)  A  Grant  of  Edward  III  reads:  "Ad 
omnes  pauperes  iiifiniios  ad  idem  hospitale  con- 
fiuentes,"  etc.  Becket  and  Henry  III  were 
among  its  early  benefactors.  "The  Hospital 
came  into  the  possession  of  Henry  VIII,  wno 
refounded  it,  and  granted  it  a  fresh  Charter, 
which  gave  back  the  greater  portion  of  its  for- 
mer revenues;  considering  the  miserable  estate 
of  the  poore,  aged,  sick,  low,  and  impotent  peo- 
ple as  well  men  as  women,  lying  and  going 
about  begging  in  the  common  streets  of  the  said 
City  of  London  and  the  suburbs  of  the  same,  to 
the  great  paine  and  sorrowe  of  the  same  poore, 
aged,  sick,  and  impotent  people  and  to  the  great 
infection,  hurt,  and  annoyance  of  His  Grace^s 
loving  subjects.  At  the  granting  of  Henry  VIII  s 
Charter  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital  contained 
one  hundred  beds,  and  since  that  time,  its  ac- 
commodations have  increased  sevenfold,  while 
the  out-patient  department  has  been  added,  ex- 
tending the  benefits  of  the  foundations  to  more 
than  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  patients 
every  year."  Harvey,  the  discoverer  of  the  cir- 
culation of  the  blood,  was  physician  here  from 
1609  to  1643.  Some  rules  suggested  by  him 
are    still    in    use. 


The  reign  of  Henry  VIII  was  epoch 
making  in  the  history  of  benevolence.  The 
Tudor  Dynasty  sought  to  establish  order 
in  the  realm;  and  in  no  department  of  Eng- 
lish life  was  it  more  needed.  In  the  year 
1536,  which  saw  the  first  legislative  dis- 
tinction drawn  between  the  dependent  and 
delinquent  classes — ("poor,  impotent,  sick 
and  diseased  people"'  and  "such  as  be 
lusty") — the  decisive  blow  was  struck  at 
the  English  monasteries.  The  time  had 
come  when  the  state  was  to  resume  a  re- 
sponsibility thrown  upon  the  church  in  the 
fourth  century.  King  Henry  could  say : 
"I  will  look  after  my  own  relief;"  and  he 
flipped  the  monks  off  his  island,  (i).  The 
defence  of  a  change  so  revolutionary  as  the 
suppression  of  six  hundred  and  forty-five 
religious  establishments  is  that  the  monks 
were  aliens,  owing  allegiance  to  none  with- 
in the  realm  and  were  not  attempting  to 
deal  in  any  adequate  way  with  the  problem 
of  relief.  After  the  "Black  Death"  and  the 
"Statute  of  Labourers"  in  1349  the  system 
of  voluntary  charity  and  repressive  poor 
laws  proved  to  be  inadequate.  The  local 
authorities  who  had  previously  distributed 
corn   in  hard   times,  now   asked   for   liberal 


(i)  The  statesinansliip  of  Henry  \'III  and  its 
results  has  been  a  fruitful  subject  for  discus- 
sion. The  chil  administration  of  relief  since 
has  been  subject  to  grave  abuses;  one  hundred 
years  ago  it  was  about  as  bad  as  possible;  and 
Mr.  Charles  Booth  even  says:  "the  present 
state   of   things   satisfies    no   one." 


contributions.  A  definite  levy  for  the  poor 
of  London  was  enforced  in  1547,  and  fifty 
years  later  a  tax  throughout  the  realm.  Of 
the  twenty  hospitals  mentioned  by  John  Stow 
in  his  "London  under  Elizabeth"  three  had 
been  suppressed  by  Henry  V.  (i)  and  eight 
by  Henry  VHL  (2).  The  five  Royal  Foun- 
dations re-endowed  by  the  citizens  of  Lon- 
don, are  St.  Bartholomew's,  St.  Thomas 
(for  the  sick  poor),  Christ's  Hospital  (for 
orphans),  Bethlehem  or  "Bedlam"  which 
has  sheltered  the  insane  since  the  four- 
teenth century;  (3)  and  Bridewell,  where 
the  unemployed  were  "set  on  work,"  and 
children  taught  trades.  (Twenty-five  such 
trades  are  mentioned).  In  the  time  of 
James  I,  "Bridewells"  became  a  fixed  in- 
stitution throughout  the  realm.  When 
tramps  were  transported  after  the  Com- 
monwealth the  workhouse  became  the 
poorhouse   and  ceased  to   have   its  former 


(i)  At  Aldersgate,  at  Cripplegate  and  Old- 
bourne. 

(2)  St.  Marv  Barking  for  the  Insane,  St. 
Giles  and  St.  Tames  for  the  lepers,  St.  John 
Jerusalem  for  Crusaders,  St.  Mary  Cripplegate 
for  blind,  St.  iSIary  Spittle  for  i8o  and  St. 
Mary   Rouncewell. 

(3)  Rational  treatment  of  the  insane  appears 
to  date  from  a  I'rench  canon  of  1603  forbidding 
the  clergy  to  cast  out  devils.  The  French  law 
of  1838  marked  another  advance.  The  first 
American  asylum  was  founded  at  Williamsburgh, 
Virginia,  in  1773.  Important  reforms,  including 
the  British  Royal  Commission  of  1855  resulted 
from    the    agitation    led    by    Miss    Dorothea    Dix. 


signirtcance.  Its  e^tablislunenl  had  mark- 
ed a  penalogical  t- ra.   ( i ) . 

Constructive  •  Benevolence  was  a  con- 
spicuous feature  of  the  life  of  the  me- 
diaeval Church.  The  Trade  Guilds  were 
ecclesiastical  in  their  origin  and  never 
wholly  lost  their  religious  aspect.  The 
monks  gave  serious  attention  to  quasi- 
scientific  agriculture,  irrigation,  sanitation, 
road-making  and  bridge-building.  But  the 
main  constructive  charitable  work  of  the 
Church  was  coming  to  be  in  education. 
Henry  VIII.  disestablished  remedial  char- 
ity in  the  English  Church  "that  the  monks 
and  their  estates  might  be  turned  to  some 
better  account,  that  the  people  might  be 
better  educated,  charity  be  better  exercis- 
ed." etc.    (2). 

Since  Justinian,  the  schools  of  the 
Church  had  been  the  only  schools  in  Eu- 
rope. Creating  the  Universities,  she  sup- 
plied not  only  the  instructors,  but  most  of 
the  students.    The  Reformers'  policy  of  di- 


(i)  The  substitution  of  slavery  and  banish- 
ment for  tlie  death  penalty  had  marked  the 
dawn  of  civilization.  Kcclesiastical  influence,  as 
seen  in  the  Hebrew  City  of  Refuge  and  the 
Christian  Sanctuary,  .shut  the  gate  upon  the  ven- 
geance of  individuals.  That  Reform  is  better 
tnan  Retribution  is  taught  by  the  English  Work- 
house. In  1669  the  Hambugh  Spinhouse  was 
founded  that  "tiiieves  and  prostitutes^  by  labor 
and  religious  instruction  be  reclaimed."  Clement 
XI  in  1704  founded  the  Hospital  of  St.  ^Iichael 
at  Rome,  "for  the  correction  and  instruction  of 
profligate  youth."  Howard's  eft'orts  brought  the 
reforms  of  the  nineteenth  and  Brockway's  ex- 
periments  presage   those   of   the  twentieth   century. 

(2)      31    Henry   \III   Chap.  9. 


verting  monastic  property  to  educational 
uses  was  not  a  new  one  in  England. 
"Henry  VI  endowed  Eton  and  King's  Col- 
lege with  revenues  which  came  from  the 
suppression  of  alien  priories."  (i).  In 
1497  Jesus  College,  Cambridge,  superseded 
St.  Rhadegund's  Nunnery,  and  Clement 
VII  gave  Wolsey  permission  to  convert  St. 
Frideswyde  at  Oxford.  (2).  For  the  next 
three  centuries  education  remained  the 
chief  organized  benevolence  of  the  English 
and   American    Churches. 

At  no  period,  however,  has  the  recrea- 
tive work  been  forgotten.  Dividing  Eng- 
lish history  into  four  periods  dominated  in 
turn  by  the  virile,  pleasure-loving.  Puri- 
tanical and  culture-loving  social  types; 
(3)  we  find  in  the  first  period,  closing 
under  the  Tudor  Dynasty,  the  Miracle 
Play,  Church  Pageants,  Markets  and  Fairs 
in  the  Church  yard  contributing  to  the  peo- 
ple's pleasure.  During  the  pleasure-loving 
period,  associated  with  the  degeneration  of 
the  drama,  the  sentimental  devotion  to  the 
"Virgin  Queen"  and  closing  with  Charles 
II,  we  have  Whitsun-ales,  May-poles, 
Morris-daunces  and  various  sports  at 
Church  festivals.     The  Puritanical  age,  ex- 


(i)     "Cardinal  Wolsey"  by  M.  Creighton  p.  141. 

(2)  The  revenues  of  forty  monasteries  were 
diverted  to  Wolsey's  great  Oxford  foundation. 
Fifty-three  Grammar  Schools  resulted  from  Chan- 
tries  converted   in    1547. 

(3)  Principles  of  Sociology  by  F.  H.  Gid- 
dings    p.    405. 


tending  from  Edward  VI  almost  to  Ed- 
ward VII  saw  the  people's  social  instincts 
met  by  the  church  to  some  extent  in  the 
prayer-meeting,  the  sewing  circle  and  the 
class  meeting.  Church  membership  itself 
conferred  distinct  social  advantages.  If  we 
trace  the  beginning  of  the  culture-loving 
era  from  the  days  of  Queen  Anne,  the  Free 
Library,  Fresh  Air  Work,  and  the  modern 
Parish  House  are  portions  of  the  recreative 
benevolence  of  to-day. 

Turning  to  the  transfer  of  English  civili- 
zation and  of  the  English  Church  to  the 
new  world  we  find  that  the  Church  of 
England  was  practically  established  in  the 
province  of  New  York  by  the  "Ministry 
Act"  passed  September  22nd,  1693.  Four 
years  later  a  parochial  organization  was  ef- 
fected, and  only  seventeen  years  later,  in 
the  year  1709,  Trinity  School  was  estab- 
lished. The  middle  of  the  century  saw  the 
birth  of  King's  College. 

The  year  1801  marked  the  ordination  of 
John  Henry  Hobart  (i)  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  first  missionary  of  the  "Com- 
mittee of  the  P.  E.  Church  for  the  propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  in  the  State  of  New 
York."  The  Bible  and  Prayer  Book  So- 
ciety was  organized  in  1809;  the  P.  E. 
Tract  Society  in  1810;  the  New  York  P. 
E.  Library  Society  in  1814,  and  the   P.  E. 


(1)      S.    1).    McConnell    calls    him    the    first    of 
modern   Churchmen   (History  p.   286.) 

II 


Sunday  School  Union  a  little  later.  Sun- 
day Schools  began  to  be  regularly  reported 
in  1823. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  Sunday  School 
movement  owes  its  origin  to  John  Wesley 
and  Robert  Raikes.  But  these  two  men, 
both  beginning  in  1784,  established  schools 
of  a  different  character.  Wesley  organized 
volunteer  teachers  to  give  religious  instruc- 
tion. Such  schools  were  known  in  this 
country  before  his  time,  but  they  did  not 
become  an  integral  part  of  American 
Church  life  until  1809,  or  even  1816.  Robert 
Raikes  employed  paid  teachers  to  instruct 
the  very  poor  in  reading  and  writing  on 
Sundays.  This  was  before  the  factory  laws 
made  attendance  at  day  school  possible. 
Similar  schools  were  established  in  New 
York  before  1800.  The  charity  day  schools 
grew  out  of  this  system.  Perhaps  the  first 
of  them  was  St.  Michael's  Parish  School 
of  thirty-eight  children  started  at 
Bloomingdale  in  1817.  The  free  Church  of 
St.   Mary,   Manhattanville,   incorporated   in 

1823  opened   "a   free    Parish    School."     In 

1824  Dr.  Wainwright  of  Grace  Church  be- 
gan one  which  had  one  hundred  ten  boys 
and  one  hundred  twenty-five  girls.  The 
Charity  Infant  School  at  St.  Thomas'  had 
sixty-nine  children  in  1832.  St.  Mark's,  St. 
Bartholomew's  and  the  Church  of  the  As- 
cension soon  followed.     Dr.  Hawks  started 


a  Sunday  "School  for  Blacks"  at  St.  Steph- 
en's   in    18,31,   and    in    that    same   year    the 
Church  of  the  Ascension  built  a  "neat  and 
commodious"  Sunday  School  building.     St. 
Luke's  erected  a  five-story  building  for  day 
schools  in  1833.     Much  attention  was  given 
at  this  time  to  Parish  and  Sunday  School 
Libraries.     The  General  Theological  Semi- 
nary in  New  York  dates  from   1817.     Dur- 
ing the  first  tliird  of  the  century— the  per- 
iod of  Bishop  Hobart's  ministry — it  is  diffi- 
cult  to   draw    tlic   lino   between   missionary 
and  educational   work.     The    same    mixed 
motive  no   doubt  existed   in   the  minds  of 
the  founders  of  Trinity  School  and  of  Co- 
lumbia College.     At  the  close  of  that  per- 
iod contemporaneous  with  the  culmination 
of  the  Poor  Law  agitation  in  England,  we 
find  steps  taken  which  mark  a  distinct  ad- 
vance   in   benevolent    work    in    New   York. 
The  Leake  and  Watts  Orplian  Mouse  was 
founded  in  183 1.    Tlie  Rector  and  Wardens 
of  Trinity  Church  were  named  as  Trustees, 
but  it  was  not  a  distinctively  Church  institu- 
tion.    The  equal  support  of    all    Christian 
people  was  asked  as  it  was  a  year  or  two 
later  in  the  founding  of  the  Orphan  Asy- 
lum   Society    of    the     City     of     Brooklyn. 
Within     the     Church,     however,     we     see 
changes  which  mark   progress. 

The    Male    and    Female    Auxiliary    Mis- 
sionary  Society  of  Christ   Church   founded 

13 


in  1824  became  in  183 1  the  basis  of  a  larger 
work.  Through  the  initiative  of  Rtv.  Dr. 
Schroeder,  Mr.  Floyd  Smith  and  others, 
the  City  Mission  Society  was  established 
"to  provide  churches  in  which  the  seats 
shall  be  free  and  mission  houses  for  the 
poor  and  afiflicted."  Their  Mission  Church 
of  the  Holy  Evangelists  was  consecrated 
in  Vande-Water  Street,  November  19th, 
183 1,  (i).  It  had  a  daily  infant  school  and 
lending  library.  The  first  missionary  in 
charge,  Rev.  B.  C.  Cutler,  founded  a 
House  of  Industry  where  cheap  cottons 
were  bought  and  "poor  females"  employed 
to  make  garments  at  i2y2C  to  i8%c  apiece. 
During  the  first  year  $289.97  was  paid  for 
work  and  $334.06  for  material  for  fifteen 
hundred  thirty-four  garments.  The  poor 
came  hither  '"from  almost  every  section  of 
the  city,"  but  the  garments  were  not  easily 
sold  and  the  work  was  discontinued.  This 
experiment  in  "setting  the  poor  on  work" 
is  interesting  when  we  recall  the  import- 
ance attached  to  this  method  of  charity 
later  on. 

In  this  same  year,  1831,  a  Female  Asso- 
ciation at  St.  Clement's  Church  met  week- 
ly to  make  garments  for  the  Sunday  School 
children,  and  the  Teachers"  Benevolent  So- 
ciety of  St.  Luke's  Church  purchased  cloth- 


(i)  The  Church  of  the  Epiphany  in  Stanton 
Street  was  consecrated  Jan.  28th,  1834,  and  St. 
Matthew's  in  Christopher  Street  March  istu, 
1841.      Both    belonged    to    this   society. 

14 


ing  for  destitute  children.  The  Mite  So- 
ciety of  St.  Peter's  Church  reHeved  "much 
misery  and  distress"  probably  in  the  same 
way.  This  was  the  older  method  of  doing 
for  the  poor  instead  of  helping  them  to  do 
for  themselves.  A  Unitarian  employment 
society  founded  by  the  Rev.  Orville  Dewey 
has  given  out  sewing  to  poor  women  since 
1836,  but  it  was  not  until  1846  that  wc  find 
the  work  permanently  established  in  the 
Episcopal  Church.  In  that  year  Ascen- 
sion Parish  started  its  Association  for  the 
Improvement  of  Industrious  Poor. 

The  contribution  of  St.  George's  Church 
under  the  successive  rectorships  of  Milnor 
and  Tyng  is  worthy  of  special  note.  Dr. 
Milnor  devoted  his  attention  to  the  "most 
ignorant  and  needy  classes."  He  organized 
six  Sunday  Schools  in  his  crowded  quarter 
of  the  city.  He  interested  himself  in  the 
common  schools  of  the  state ;  and  helped 
found  Kenyon  College  and  the  University 
of  New  York.  He  was  actively  interested 
in  mission  work  and  his  closing  years  were 
devoted  to  the  establishment  of  a  Chapel 
for  the  use  of  the  neglected.  When  Dr. 
Tyng  built  the  new  St.  George's  in  1847  he 
showed  "the  necessity  of  an  adequate  build- 
ing appropriately  arranged"  for  the  Sun- 
day School.  As  the  school  developed,  it 
became  an  important  center  of  work  among 
the   poor.     At    Avenue   A   and   Nineteenth 


Street,  "in  1854,  the  first  mission  school  of 
St.  George's  was  gathered."  During  the 
eighteen  years  following  the  completion  of 
the  first  Chapel  (September  1859)  $250,000 
was  devoted  to  this  work  at  four  centers. 

(I). 

On  February  22nd,  1844,  the  floating 
Church  of  Our  Saviour  was  consecrated 
where  the  Young  Men's  Church  Mission- 
ary Society  devoted  its  attention  to  work 
among  sailors. 

The  unrest  following  the  widespread  po- 
litical disturbances  of  1848,  the  appearance 
of  the  modern  city  with  whole  districts  out 
of  touch  with  cultural  influences,  the  de- 
generation of  the  homes  in  these  districts 
(2)  and  such  books  as  J.  S.  Mills'  Princi- 
ples of  Political  Economy  preceded  the 
beginning  of  the  present  era  of  philan- 
thropy which  dates  from  about  the  year 
1853.  In  New  York,  the  immigration  for 
twenty-five  years  had  been  enormous.    (3). 


(i)  The  German  Chapel  was  at  214  East 
14th  Street,  the  Chapel  of  Living  Waters  was 
at  283  Avenue  B  and  the  Chapel  of  the  Bread  of 
Life  was  at  i6th  Street  near  First  Avenue.  The 
earliest  of  these  had  a  day  school,  sewing  scnool 
and  men's  reading  room. 

(2)  A  New  York  Convention  report  of  1854 
says:  "In  the  lower  wards  of  New  York  City 
heathenism    reigns    triumphant." 

(3)  The  urban  population  of  the  U.  S.  con- 
stituted in  1800  4  per  cent,  in  1830  6.7  per  cent, 
in  1840  Syi  per  cent,  in  1850  i2j^  per  cent. 
This  fifth  decade  was  the  decade  of  maximum 
increase  of  the  century.  The  population  of 
New  York  City  in  1800  was  60,515,  in  1840  312,- 
710,  in  1850  515,547,  in  i860  813,669.  The 
population  of  Brooklyn  doubled  in  the  third,  the 
fourth  and  again   in  tne  fifth  decade. 

16 


The  city  had  suffered  from  recurring  chol- 
era scares,  showing  a  bad  sanitary  condi- 
tion. In  1846  Rev.  Dr.  Muhlenberg  took  up 
his  residence  in  the  city  and  found  the 
work  ready  to  be  done. 

In  October,  1853,  the  General  Convention 
of  the  Church  met  in  New  York.  It  es- 
tablished the  fund  for  the  relief  of  infirm 
clergy  and  for  widows  and  orphans  of 
clergy,  and  discussed  a  Memorial  urging 
the  "emancipating  the  episcopate  and  un- 
sectarizing  the  church."  The  political 
principles  of  "checks  and  balances"  had 
gotten  into  church  life.  The  Memorial 
pleaded  for  a  wider  freedom  for  the  bishop 
in  administration,  and  ior  the  minister  in 
public  ministrations.  (\).  The  author  of 
the  Memorial  was  William  Augustus  Muh- 
lenberg.  He  has  been  called  "a  living  epi- 
tome of  our  Church's  History."'  Beginning 
work  as  a  pastor,  from  the  age  of  thirty 
to  forty-eight  he  was  a  school  master.  (2). 
He  then  established  a  free  church,  a  sister- 
hood  and   the   church   hospital    which   has 


(1)  Hyslop  in  his  "Democracy"  (p.  129) 
pleads   for  similar   reforms   in  civic  administration. 

(2)  In  the  same  year.  1828,  Tliomas  Arnold 
became  Head  Master  of  I'Jugby,  and  William 
.•Vngustus  Muhlenberg  opened  the  Flushing  In- 
stitute, liach  man  achieved  for  his  own  church 
and  country  similar  reforms  or  they  might  be 
better  called  creations.  Tiiey  gave  to  educa- 
tion a  new  meaning.  A  biographer  described 
the  aim  of  the  work  at  Mushing  as  being  the 
"communication  of  a  spirit,  the  development  of 
a  soul,  the  formation  of  character,  the  perfec- 
tion of   manhood."      (W.    W.   Xewton    page   47.) 

17 


given  the  chief  luster  to  his  name.  At 
seventy  he  established  a  social  community. 
"A  firm  believer  in  organic  or  institutional 
Christianity,  he  was  convinced  that  the  of- 
fice of  the  Christian  Church  is  not  merely 
to  evangelize,  but  also  to  educate  in  every 
highest  and  best  sense  of  the  word."   (i). 

Dr.  Muhlenberg's  intellect  had  reached  a 
vigorous  maturity  when  the  call  came  to 
organize  the  Free  Church  of  the  Holy 
Communion.  Moving  to  New  York  in  1846, 
he  hired  two  houses  instead  of  one.  The 
first  parish  house  in  the  city  thus  adjoins 
his  temporary  rectory.  Almost  at  once  he 
began  to  plan  St.  Luke's  Hospital  and  had 
it  incorporated  in  1850.  In  that  same  year 
the  Parish  House  and  Rectory  in  the  rear 
of  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Communion 
were  occupied.  But  already  a  society  had 
been  started  with  the  object  of  supplying 
sewing  for  poor  women.  On  August  7th, 
1849,  he  found  a  little  vacation  class  being 
instructed  by  a  poor  parishioner,  "I  told 
her  it  would  do  them  all  good  to  go  for  a 
little  fresh  air  over  to  Hoboken."  A  year 
or  two  later  his  "Fresh  Air  Fund"  began 
sending  people  away  systematically.  "The 
first  Church  Christmas  Tree  for  poor  chil- 
dren in  the  city  of  New  York  was  lighted 
in  the  parish  of  the  Holy  Communion  in 


(i)     "Dr.    Muhlenberg"   by   \V.   W.   Newton,   p. 
67. 

18 


1847."  (i).  Such  were  tlie  beginnings  of 
activities  which  have  transformed  much  of 
the  life  of  the  Church,  given  us  the  mod- 
ern institutional  Church,  and  started  many 
activities  outside  of  ecclesiastical  limits. 

St.  Luke's  Hospital  was  not  opened  until 
1859;  but  the  care  of  the  sick  could  not  be 
deferred.  A  few  rooms  in  a  rear  tenement 
were  hired,  "and  here  in  1853  St.  Luke's 
was  virtually  begun."  (2).  The  Sisterhood 
of  the  Holy  Communion  was  started  a  year 
earlier  as  a  new  venture,  and  the  Memorial 
house  built  this  same  year.  An  adjoining 
house  was  occupied  as  an  infirmary  for 
eighteen  patients,  and  a  Dispensary  with  a 
school  for  poor  children  on  the  first  floor. 

In  1864  Dr.  Muhlenberg  began  to  dream 
of  St.  Johnland,  his  industrial  Christian 
community.  In  1866  he  bought  a  farm  on 
the  north  shore  of  Long  Island  intending 
to  supply  healthful  homes  for  such  earnest 
poor  folk  as  could  pursue  their  occupations 
at  such  a  distance  from  the  city.  Then  a 
home  was  built  for  convalescent  crippled 
children  from  St.  Luke's  Hospital.  A  boy's 
home  and  printing  house  were  provided, 
and  in  1869.  the  Old  Men's  Home. 

Among  those  who  received  their  first 
training  with  Dr.  Muhlenberg  was  Harriet 
Starr    Cannon,    who    in    1865     became     the 


(i)      Life    by    Sister    .\nne,    p.    2io. 
(2)      Life    by    Sister    Anne,    p.    259. 

19 


Foundress  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary.  This 
order  started  St.  Mary's  School  for  girls  in 
1868,  St.  Mary's  Hospital  for  children  in 
1870,  and  Trinity  Hospital  and  other  insti- 
tutions in  1873.  The  five  sisters  who  be- 
gan the  work  were  professed  in  St.  Mi- 
chael's Church,  and  their  work  began  at  the 
House  of  Mercy  nearby.  The  clergy  of 
this  parish  had  long  shown  an  interest  in 
institutional  work.  Reference  has  been 
made  to  their  early  Parish  School.  In 
1847,  the  Rector,  Rev.  Wm.  Richmond  and 
the  Rev.  T.  M.  Peters  began  to  systematic- 
ally visit  the  city  institutions.  The  City 
Mission  Society  was  practically  refounded 
later  with  a  revised  charter  for  the  purpose 
of  carrying  on  this  work.  In  1853  Mrs. 
Richmond  began  to  visit  Blackwell's  Island 
and  in  connection  with  this  work  founded 
the  House  of  Mercy.  From  the  same  im- 
pulse came  St.  Barnabas'  House,  the  Mid- 
night Mission,  the  Infant  Asylum,  the 
Sheltering  Arms  and  the  Children's  and 
the  Shepherd's  Folds.  One  of  these,  the 
Midnight  Mission,  was  placed  in  the  care 
of  the  Sisters  of  St.  John  Baptist  in  1882. 
The  American  branch  of  this  Order  had 
been  founded  by  Helen  S.  Folsom  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1874.  Its  work  lay  among  the  Ger- 
mans of  the  east  side  for  whom  the  Church 
and  Mission  House  of  the  Holy  Cross  were 
built  at  Avenue  C  and  Fourth  Street.     The 

20 


present  Sisters'  House  on  Seventeenth 
Street  was  erected  in  1878  and  the  adjoin- 
ing School  House  in  1884.  St.  Andrew's 
Convalescent  Hospital  was  begun  in  1886. 

When  the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary  retired 
from  the  care  of  St.  Barnabas  House  in 
1867  Miss  Ellen  Hulme  was  placed  in 
charge.  On  April  6th,  1869,  she  organized 
the  Sisterhood  of  the  Good  Shepherd  which 
remained  in  charge  until  October,  1886. 
The  Sisterhood  afterward  conducted  a 
Training  School  at  191  Ninth  Avenue,  a 
Clothing  Bureau  at  419  West  Nineteenth 
St.,  work  in  St.  Clement's  Parish  and  else- 
where. The  organization  has  since  been 
absorbed  iato  the  New  York  Training 
School  for  Deaconesses,  and  its  property  is 
ultimately  to  be  used  for  a  Chapel  at  the 
new  Cathedral.  The  pastor  of  the  com- 
munity was  the  Rev.  Thomas  Gallaudet, 
who  was  prominently  connected  with  many 
of  the  charities  of  the  city.  His  name  is 
especially  associated  with  the  work  of  St. 
Ann's  Church  for  Deaf  Mutes.  This  he 
organized  in  October,  1852.  The  Church 
Mission  for  Deaf  Mutes  he  incorporated  in 
1872  for  work  in  New  York  and  neighbor- 
ing states.  It  has  maintained  a  Home  for 
the  Aged  since  1885.  (i).    The  influence  of 


(i)  I  have  taken  these  three  epochs  in  Dr. 
Gallaudet's  work  as  marking  the  more  important 
stages  in  the  evolution  of  Church  Philanthropy. 
They  mark  the  beginnings  (Appendix  I),  exten- 
sion (Appendix  II),  and  final  establishment 
(Appendix  III)  at  least  of  some  typical  modern 
institutions. 


St.  Ann's  Church  extended  over  a  wide 
area.  One  of  the  first  Mothers'  Meetings 
was  started  here  during  the  sixties  and  the 
first  New  York  Chapter  of  the  Girls' 
Friendly  Society  in  1879. 

Another  disciple  of  Dr.  Muhlenberg  was 
Sister  Julia.  In  1871  she  took  charge  of 
the  Church  Charity  Foundation  in  Brook- 
lyn, establishing  St.  John's  Hospital  and 
the  Sisterhood  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist. 
The  Church  Charity  Foundation  had  been 
started  twenty  years  earlier  by  the  Rev. 
Francis  Vinton  and  others,  for  the  care  of 
orphans  and  aged  people.  Contemporary 
with  this  work  was  the  establishment  of 
mission  chapels  in  neglected  parts  of 
Brooklyn.  "Dominie"  Johnson  began  St. 
Michael's  in  1847  and  St.  Mark's  followed 
in  October,  1850.  Dr.  Canfield  who  came 
to  Christ  church  in  1853  founded  five.  At 
this  period  Mission  Chapels  were  begun  in 
various  districts  in  New  York.  St. 
George's,  Grace,  and  Zion  parishes  estab- 
lished new  mission  centers.  In  1855  the 
opening  of  St.  Paul's  Chapel  school  mark- 
ed the  beginning  of  the  present  school  sys- 
tem of  Trinity  Parish.  The  P.  E.  Orphans' 
Home  and  St.  Luke's  Home  for  Aged 
Women  were  opened  a  little  earlier.  In 
1873  St.  Luke's  Home  was  moved  to  its 
larger  quarters  in  Eighty-ninth  Street.  A 
new  institution  for  old  men  then  occupied 
the  buildings  next  St.  Luke's  Church. 


Within  the  decade  following  the  Civil 
War  a  considerable  expansion  of  work  took 
place,  due  partly  to  growing  needs  which 
the  war  had  diverted  attention  from  and 
to  increased  want  occasioned  by  the  war. 
Some  of  these  years  were  also  years  of  un- 
usual prosperity. 

From  the  epoch  from  which  we  date  the 
beginnings  of  Church  Philanthropy  a  per- 
iod of  thirty  years  elapsed  before  the  mod- 
ern era  may  be  said  to  have  come  com- 
pletely into  existence.  This  most  recent 
period  covers  approximately  the  twenty 
years  episcopate  of  the  present  Bishop  of 
New  York.  The  events  marking  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  new  order  (i)  belong 
chiefly  within  the  years  1883  to  1887.  These 
years  witnessed  the  opening  of  the  earliest 
Parish  Houses  and  Social  Settlements. 
City  life  had  developed  the  slums,  and 
home  life  was  becoming  impossible.  (2). 
The  successful  experiment  of  Mr.  A.  T. 
White  with  his  "Home"  and  "Tower" 
buildings  on  Hicks  Street,  Brooklyn,  prov- 
ed the  feasibility  of  model  tenements  in 
1877.  Mayor  Cooper's  Committee,  appoint- 
ed   in    1879,    organized     a     stock     company 


(1)  See   Appendix    III. 

(2)  Rev.  Dr.  Jolm  Cotton  Smith  and  the  As- 
cension .\ssociafion  had  improved  a  block  of 
tenements  in  Forty-third  Street  in  1865,  and  had 
exerted  an  influence  in  favor  of  more  sjiace  and 
air  for  the  poor.  I'inancially  the  effort  had  not 
been  very  encouraging;  nor  had  it  been  o-n  a 
large  scale.  Yet  it  appears  to  be  the  Church's 
only  effort   to  grapple   directly   with   this   problem. 

23 


\ 


which  leased  Gotham  Court  in  the  Fourth 
Ward  of  New  York.  Mr.  Riis  tells  us 
that  the  "civic  conscience  awoke  in  1879" 
when  the  churches  arraigned  the  slum.  It 
was  time  they  did  something;  for  they 
were  being  driven  uptown  so  rapidly  as  to 
leave  whole  wards  almost  without  cultural 
influences.  A  radical  change  of  method  was 
forced  upon  them.  Reform  vs.  palliation 
now  became  the  principle  of  action.  Co- 
operation and  opportunities  for  self-help 
and  rational  social  enjoyment  are  the  key- 
words of  the  new  era  of  work. 

The  evolution  which  produced  the  Parish 
House  took  place  in  connection  with  the 
growth  of  the  Sunday  School.  Rev.  Dr. 
Tyng,  speaking  of  early  Sunday  School  his- 
tory (i)  says  that  "Church  galleries,  and 
if  permitted,  which  was  rarely  the  case, 
the  pews  on  the  floor  were  difficult  condi- 
tions in  which  to  develop  a  successful  Sun- 
day School."  The  second  stage  was  a  re- 
constructed damp  church  cellar  or  cata- 
comb. By  i860  Dr.  Tyng  could  say  "I 
hardly  see  a  new  church  now  erected  which 
consigns  its  schools  to  the  tombs.''  Refer- 
ence has  been  made  to  the  "neat  and  com- 
modious" Sunday  School  Building  of  the 
Church  of  the  Ascension  put  up  in  1831. 
St.  Ann's,  Brooklyn,  had  one  in  1829. 
These  Sunday  School  Buildings  were  either 


(i)      Forty       Years'       Experience       in       Sunday 
Schools,    chapter    XVI. 

24 


small   School   Hou?es  or  large    Halls   sug- 
gesting the  Halls  of  mediaeval  castles.    Ex- 
cellent examples  of  both  of  these  may  be 
found    at    St.    Peter's    in    West    Twentieth 
Street.     There  is  a  school  house  erected  in 
1853  and  a  fine  Gothic  Hall  built  in  front 
of  it  in  1873.     A  most  serviceable  Sunday 
School  Building  was  opened  for  St.  Peter's, 
Brooklyn,  in   1871.     About  this  same  time 
another     type     appears.       Sunday     School 
Rooms    had   been    erected    in    the    rear    of 
Churches.      Now    Mission    Buildings    were 
put     up,     which     should     contain     Sunday 
School  and  Church  all  in  one  building.     St. 
Chrysostom's,  built  in  1868,  was  the  first  of 
these.      Within    a    decade    Calvary    Chapel 
and  St.  Augustine's  followed  on  a  similar 
plan.    The  transition  from  this  combination 
to  the  modern   Parish   House  is  found  in 
the    Rhinelander   Memorial    Chapel    of    St. 
Mark  in  Tompkins'  Square  (1883)  and  the 
Church    of   the    Reformation,    130    Stanton 
Street    (1885).      The    honor    of   being    the 
first  detached  Parish  House  of  the  modern 
kind    is    claimed    by    St.    Thomas'    House 
(Flower  Memorial)    229    East    Fifty-ninth 
Street,  built  in  1882.     St.  George's  (Tracy) 
Memorial     House,     207     East      Sixteenth 
Street,   dates    from    1888.   and    St.    Bartho- 
lomew's,    209     East     Forty-second     Street, 
from    1891.      This    last    building,    with    its 
more  recent  additions,  is  the  typical  parish 


25 


house  of  to-day.  Its  inception  and  subse- 
quent development  are  owing  to  the  in- 
spiration of  the  Rector  of  the  Parish,  Dr. 
David  H.  Greer.  It  has  also  shared  with 
many  other  institutions  the  benefit  of  the 
practical  and  painstaking  counsels  of  the 
late  Cornelius  Vanderbilt.  Few  men  have 
contributed  more  than  these  two  to  the 
successful  progress  of  modern  philanthro- 
py- 
Parallel  with  the  development  of  the 
Parish  House  has  been  that  of  the  Social 
Settlement.  This  has  been  the  chief  con- 
tribution of  the  nineteenth  century  to  phil- 
anthropic work.  Its  origin  is  naturally 
bound  up  with  the  beginning  of  the  whole 
modern  movement.  This  has  been  traced 
to  Francis  of  Assisi.  It  certainly  owes 
much  to  John  Wesley.  Thomas  Chalmers, 
in  Glasgow,  and  Joseph  Tuckerman,  in 
Boston,  prepared  the  way  for  the  crystal- 
lizing of  the  thought  and  work.  Half  a 
century  ago,  co-incident  with  the  Charity 
Organization  idea  in  Germany,  the  Christian 
socialist  movement  in  England  took  shape. 
Maurice  and  "Tom"  Hughes  laid  noble 
foundations  in  Bloomsbury  during  the  fif- 
ties. Denison  and  J.  R.  Green  went  nearer 
to  the  heart  of  the  practical  problem  in 
Stepney  during  the  sixties.  Ruskin  and  T. 
H.  Green  taught  the  new  philanthropy,  the 
universal   right  to  happiness,  to  the  rising 

26 


generation  at  Oxford  during  the  seventies. 
Toynbee  and  Canon  Barnett  saw  the  first 
fruits  in  Whitechapel  during  the  eighties. 
Ingram  and  P.  R.  Buchanan  brought  the 
work  to  fuller  proportions  in  Bethnal 
Green  during  the  nineties.  The  nomina- 
tion of  the  present  Bishop  of  London  gave 
royal  approval  to  the  work  of  the  move- 
ment at  the  opening  of  the  new  century. 
The  year  1885  is  memorable  for  the  simul- 
taneous opening  in  London  of  Toynbee 
Hall  (Whitechapel),  Oxford  House  (Beth- 
nal Green)  and  Trinity  College  Mission, 
( Camberwell).  The  extension  of  the  set- 
tlement idea  to  New  York  is  generally  dat- 
ed from  the  starting  of  the  Neighborhood 
Guild  of   1887. 

The  final  establishment  of  the  Social  Set- 
tlement as  a  fixed  philanthropic  agency 
marked  the  completion  of  a  definite  step  in 
the  whole  history  of  benevolence.  Four 
fairly  well  defined  stages  of  development 
may  be  distinguished  in  accordance  with 
the  dififerent  motives  resting  back  of  their 
several  activities.  Pre-Christian  Gener- 
osity (i),  Early  Christian  Charity,  Me- 
diaeval Alms-giving  and  Modern  Philan- 
thropy while  often  doing  tlie  same  kind  of 
thing,  did  it  for  a  different  reason.  Pre- 
Christian   Generosity  was   impulsive,   while 


(i)     Called    liberality    by    Ulilliorn    and    prodig- 
alitas  by   Prof.   F.   G.   Peabody. 

27 


manifesting  perhaps,  an  elemental  human 
instinct.  Athens  granted  a  daily  subsidy 
for  the  infirm,  and  educated  orphans. 
Rome  distributed  grain  to  the  needy  and 
had  its  Mutual  Benefit  Associations.  Pliny 
endowed  a  library  and  provided  annuities, 
(i).  Such  things  "created  fame  and  were 
useful  to  the  State."  Canon  Liddon  says : 
"Man  does  not  in  his  natural  state  love 
his  brother,  except  it  be  from  motives  of 
interest  or  blood  relationship."  Hebrew 
benevolence  had  largely  this  latter  motive 
though  the  strangers'  needs  are  often  re- 
membered (Leviticus  XXIII-22,  XXV-35 ; 
II  Maccabees  III-io,  VIII-30).  This  idea 
of  duty  was  not  wholly  absent,  but  the  mo- 
tive power  was  mainly  unreasoning  im- 
pulse, or  a  recognition  of  the  need  of  the 
State. 

Among  the  changes  effected  by  Chris- 
tianity was  the  association  of  benevolence 
with  religious  duty.  Charity  is  one  of  the 
key-words  of  the  life  of  the  early  Church, 
and  benevolence  was  an  expression  of 
thanksgiving  which  formed  the  heart  of  di- 
vine worship.  Early  Christian  Charity  then 
is  a  matter  between  the  individual  and 
God.  While  as  a  duty  it  was  urged  by  the 
Church  it  was  not  regarded  primarily  as  a 
duty  to  the  Church  nor  to  humanity.     The 


(i)     Epistles,  I.  8. 

28 


need  of  men  was  but  the  accidental  oppor- 
tunity for  rendering  a  service  to  God. 

By  the  time  of  Ambrose  and  markedly 
after  the  time  of  Gregory  a  sort  of  return 
tendency  had  set  in,  ^Mediaeval  Almsgiving 
had  a  certain  kinship  to  the  earlier  Gener- 
osity. Increasing  demands  upon  the  treas- 
ury of  the  Church  forced  the  bishops  to 
take  the  role  of  statesmen,  and  contribu- 
tors thought  more  about  themselves  than 
they  did  about  God,  or  their  fellow  men. 
As  late  ds  the  seventeenth  century  Sir 
Thomas  Browne  could  say  (i)  :  "I  give 
no  alms  to  satisfy  the  hunger  of  my 
brother,  but  to  fulfill  the  will  and  com- 
mand of  my  God.  I  draw  not  my  purse 
for  his  sake  that  demands  it  but  His  that 
enjoins  it."  The  change  from  such 
Mediaeval  Alms-giving  to  Alodern  Philan- 
thropy consists  in  a  changed  primary  ob- 
ject of  interest.  This  is  no  longer  self  nor 
God,  but  humanity.  The  recipient's  wel- 
fare rather  than  natural  impulse,  self-inter- 
est, or  religious  duty  is  the  thing  con- 
sidered. Air.  Lecky  tells  us  (2)  the  growth 
of  early  Christian  charity  developed  a  new 
sense  of  the  sanctity  of  human  life  and  the 
teaching  of  universal  brotherhood.  How- 
ever true  that  may  have  been  of  the  ninth 
century  of  which  he  is  speaking,  it  is  emi- 


(i)      Religio  Medici  2d   Part,  Chan.  2. 
{2.)      History     of     European     Morals. 

29 


nenti}-  true  of  the  nineteenth.  Because  of 
this  has  come  the  change.  Pre-Christian 
Generosity  had  been  Ego-centric;  Early 
Christian  Charity  Deo-centric;  Modern 
Philanthropy  is  Socio-centric  or  Homo- 
centric. 

Human  welfare,  social  and  individual,  is 
the  aim  of  modern  effort,  and  the  enthus- 
iasm desiring  to  raise  this  to  the  highest 
level  is  the  characteristic  of  the  modern 
philanthropic  spirit.  The  philanthropic  at- 
titude to-day  toward  all  classes,  abnormal 
as  well  as  normal,  is  educational  and  cul- 
tural. As  widely  as  people  differ,  there  is 
a  normal  standard  toward  which  it  is  worth 
while  to  try  to  approximate.  The  modern 
standard  of  life  is  one  which  recognizes  the 
essential  unity,  the  inter-relation  of  its 
various  parts  and  the  necessity  of  harmony 
among  them. 

A  man  is  no  longer  considered  sound  if 
he  cultivates  his  brain  and  neglects  his 
body,  nor  good  if  he  stimulates  his  emo- 
tions and  despises  his  reason.  Asymmetry 
is  the  mark  of  degeneracy  and  criminality. 
Modern  education  seeks  to  prevent  or  cor- 
rect it  by  an  all  around  training.  Physical 
perfection  from  any  standpoint,  and  intel- 
lectual culture  in  any  direction,  are  not  suf- 
ficient. Ideals  of  personal  morality  even 
have  undergone  change.  Loyalty  to 
princes,  policies  or    principles,    enthusiasm 


after  personal  perfection,  even  the  com- 
mon-sense standards  of  Jeflferson  and 
Franklin,  belong  to  a  past  age.  None  of 
them  pictures  twentieth  century  sainthood, 
them  pictures  twentieth  century  sainthood, 
Avhich  demands  a  well-rounded  manhood. 
As  much  as  any  one  Phillips  Brooks  per- 
haps represents  such  a  type.  Great  in  body, 
great  in  mind,  great  in  soul,  he  despised 
nothing  human.  Logical,  sympathetic,  pur- 
poseful, he  was  interested  in  the  little 
things  of  life,  in  order  that  they  might  con- 
tribute to  the  general  welfare.  A  philan- 
thropist rather  than  a  theologian,  he  en- 
tered the  pulpit  because  he  was  interested 
in  righteousness,  and  sought  a  sphere  of 
influence  which  should  bring  him  in  con- 
tact with  many  of  his  fellowmen.  That  he 
succeeded  in  leaving  an  impress  upon  life 
in  the  sphere  of  philanthropic  activity  is 
not  wanting.  Bishop  Lawrence  in  a  recent 
tribute  declared  that  the  name  of  Phillips 
Brooks  is  still  remembered  in  the  Home, 
the  college,  the  prison  and  the  hospital. 

Coming  back  to  the  actual  work  done  in 
New  York,  it  is  a  matter  of  some  interest 
to  note  the  relation  between  theological 
thinking  and  benevolent  activity.  In  the 
days  when  allegiance  to  definite  schools  of 
thought  was  more  prevalent  than  to-day. 
this  became  quite  marked.  '"Evangelicals" 
developed  parochial    activity    such    as    the 

31 


Sunday  School  and  Mission  work  of  many 
kinds.  Such  were  Drs.  Bedell,  Tyng,  Can- 
held  and  W.  F.  Morgan.  "High  Anglicans" 
organized  extra-parochial  institutions, — 
schools,  hospitals,  etc.  Bishop  Hobart,  Drs. 
Vinton,  Peters  and  I.  H.  Tuttle  belonged 
here.  The  "Broad"  School  saw  the  need 
of  f,rira-ecclesiastical  work,  and  led  the  in- 
terest in  social  and  neighborhood  effort. 
F.  D.  Maurice  was  the  founder  in  England, 
and  Grace  and  Ascension  Parishes  have 
been  exponents  of  this  school  in  New  York 
for  the  past  thirty-five  years.  The  many- 
sidedness  of  Dr.  Muhlenberg's  creative 
power  is  shown  by  the  institutional  work  at 
Flushing  and  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  his  paro- 
chial activity  at  the  Holy  Communion,  and 
finally  the  social  experiment  at  St.  John- 
land.  He  seems  to  have  caught  the  true 
spirit  of  each  theological  standpoint  and 
to  have  carried  its  principles  into  practice. 
Having  sketched  hastily  the  growth  of 
benevolent  institutions,  a  brief  description 
of  what  the  Protestant  Episcopal  church 
is  doing  in  New  York  would  be  in  order. 
We  may  take  the  hospital  and  the  home  to 
represent  what  we  have  called  remedial, 
the  school  to  represent  constructive,  and 
the  parish  house  to  represent  recreative 
philanthropy.  The  attempt  is  made  in  the 
following  chapter  to  discuss  somewhat  at 
length  Remedial  Effort. 

32 
(2) 


Chapter  II 

Remedial  Effort. 

SECTION    I— INSTITUTIONS   FOR   THE   SICK   AND 
DISABLED   (TEMPORARY  RELIEF). 

St.  Luke's  Hospital  (1853) 
Cathedral  Heights 

Rev.  Geo.  F,  Clover,  Superintendent. 
St.  Mary's  Free  Hospital  for  Children  (1870) 
405  West  34th  Street 

Sisters  of  St.  Mary  in  charge. 
Laura  Franklin  Free  Hospital  for  Children   (1885) 
17  E.  I  nth  Street. 

Frances  L.  Lurkins,  Superintendent. 
Trinity  Hospital  (1874) 
50  Varick  Street 

Annie  E.   Kirchhofif,    Superintendent. 
St.  Andrew's  Convalescent  Hospital  (1887) 
211  E.  17th  Street 

Sisters  of  St,  John  Baptist  in  charge. 
Noyes  Memorial  Home  (1888) 
Peekskill,  New  York 

Branch  of  St.  Mary's  Hospital. 

DISPENSARIES. 

St.  Luke's   (1897)  Cathedral  Heights. 

Wilkes   (1894)  435  Ninth  Avenue. 

Trinity  (1879)  209  Fulton  Street. 

St.  Chrysostom's  (1880)  550  Seventh  Avenue. 

Bloomingdale   (i8gi)  225  W.  ggth  Street. 

St.  Batholomew  (1894)  215  E.  42nd  Street. 

Grace  (1868)  414  E.  14th  Street. 

33 


It  is  well  to  begin  a  description  of  Church 
Philanthropy  in  New  York  with  the  insti- 
tution which  was  the  chief  product  of  the 
genius  of  Dr.  Muhlenberg.  He  disliked  the 
idea  of  its  being  a  self-erected  monument; 
but  the  original  conception  was  his,  and  the 
influence  of  his  personality  there  is  still 
strong.  He  had  been  working  and  planning 
for  seven  years  already,  when  in  1853  St. 
Luke's  Hospital  had  its  real  beginning  in 
two  rooms  of  a  rear  tenement  on  Sixth 
Avenue.  The  work  had  been  incorporated 
in  1850,  and  the  cornerstone  of  the  build- 
ing at  Fifty-fourth  Street  and  Fifth  Ave- 
nue was  laid  by  Bishop  Wainwright  on 
May  6th,  1854.  This  property  had  been 
obtained  by  combining  the  enterprise  with 
an  earlier  unsuccessful  effort  to  establish 
a  hospital  for  British  emigrants.  Nine  pa- 
tients moved  into  the  new  building  May 
nth,  1858. 

Dr.  Muhlenberg  not  only  made  the  hos- 
pital his  home,  but  insisted  on  the  patients 
being  regarded  as  his  guests  and  as  under 
his  paternal  care.  Beside  the  best  services 
of  the  physician  and  surgeon  every  personal 
comfort  was  considered,  and  opportunity 
sought  for  moral  and  religious  culture. 
The  chapel  was  the  central  part  of  the 
building  and  it  was  opened  a  year  before 
the  wards,  in  order  to  emphasize  the  dis- 
tinctly Christian  aspect  of  the  work.     The 

34 


institution  has  never  possessed  a  sectarian 
character,  but  the  religious  ministrations 
are  those  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church.  The  superintendent  has  always 
been  an  Episcopal  clergyman  and  daily 
services  have  always  been  held. 

The  present  site  of  the  hospital  was 
purchased  in  1892,  and  in  i8g6,  just  fifty 
years  from  the  initial  effort  of  the  founder, 
the  four  pavilions  were  opened.  They  are 
named  for  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  and  his  three 
fellow-workers,  Robert  B.  Minturn,  Adam 
Norrie   and   Cornelius   Vanderbilt. 

The  buildings  are  of  fire-proof  brick  and 
granite ;  the  floors  and  walls  non-absorbent 
and  the  corners  of  the  wards  rounded. 
Attached  to  the  front  of  the  Administration 
Building  in  the  center  of  the  block  is  a 
tower  180  feet  high.  Its  dome  serves  as  a 
roof  to  the  operating  amphitheatre,  beneath 
which  are  the  children's  wards.  The  Men's 
and  Women's  Pavilions  have  wards  con- 
taining twenty  beds  each  upon  four  floors. 
The  fifth  floor  has  two  small  wards.  Each 
floor  has  a  poultice  room,  pantry,  dining 
room,  quiet  room  and  a  small  ward,  sep- 
arated by  a  hallway  from  the  main  ward. 
The  water  closets  are  in  a  turret  outside 
the  building  proper.  Each  floor  of  these 
pavilions  is  connected  with  the  correspond- 
ing floor  of  the  Administration  Building 
at  the  corner  of  contact;  but  direct  circu- 

35 


lation  of  air  is  prevented  by  fresh  air  cut- 
offs. The  isolating  wards  are  in  the  roof. 
In  the  basement  of  the  Men's  PaviHon  is 
the  general  drug  room  and  the  dispensary. 

The  wards  proper  occupy  practically  the 
whole  southern  exposure  of  the  buildings, 
and  have  light  and  air  on  three  sides. 
Each  pavilion  and  each  floor  of  each  pa- 
vilion is  entirely  shut  off  from  direct  con- 
tact with  any  other.  Every  part  of  the 
building  has  convenient  access  to  the  Ad- 
ministration Building,  the  Chapel  and  the 
Kitchen. 

The  Nurse's  Home  is  behind  the  Men's 
Pavilion.  On  each  floor  above  the  first 
are  twenty  separate  bed  rooms,  four  bath 
rooms,  closets,  etc.  In  the  basement  is  the 
laundry  for  the  whole  institution.  The 
training  school  for  nurses  was  established 
in  July,  1888,  and  now  provides  a  regular 
course  of  three  years'  instruction.  Mem- 
bers of  the  school  act  as  assistants  in  the 
wards,  and  besides  lodging  and  laundry, 
receive  their  uniforms  and  text  books. 

The  pathological  laboratory  has  its  sep- 
arate building.  Scientific  investigation  and 
training,  while  receiving  careful  attention, 
are  never  allowed  to  interfere  with  the 
rights  or  convenience  of  individual  patients. 
The  pavilion  for  private  patients,  in  course 
of  erection  in  1905,  will  accommodate  six- 
ty-five, and  will  furnish  a  residence  for  the 
superintendent. 

36 


Patients  are  received  who  are  suffering 
from  acute,  curable,  non-contagious  dis- 
eases. Tlie  first  classification  is  according  to 
sex,  and  then  into  surgical,  medical,  chil- 
dren's and  phthisical  cases.  Eight  wards  are 
thus  the  least  number  in  use,  although  very 
few  phthisical  cases  are  received.  Patients 
requiring  immediate  care  are  received  at 
any  hour,  and  surgical  cases  from  any  part 
of  the  country. 

The  House  Staff  consists  of  three  physi- 
cians, six  surgeons  and  three  pathologists, 
appointed  to  serve  for  six  months.  While 
freedom  of  action  is  accorded  to  the  Med- 
ical Staff  and  the  Training  School,  yet  the 
Superintendent,  as  father  of  the  house,  is 
in  touch  with  and  has  authority  over  every 
department.  His  office  gives  unity  and  as- 
sures co-operation  throughout  the  insti- 
tution. All  employees  are  responsible  to 
him  and  all  supplies  are  obtained  under  his 
direction.  In  purchasing  provisions,  etc., 
dealers  agree  to  fill  orders  on  certain  terms, 
the  prices  not  to  be  changed  without  no- 
tice. By  acquaintance  with  the  price  list 
of  several  houses,  it  is  felt  that  better  terms 
can  be  obtained  than  by  the  contract  sys- 
tem in  use  in  many  institutions.  The  super- 
intendent reckons  that  the  average  daily 
cost  of  food  for  the  484  inmates  of  the 
house  is  thirty  cents. 

The    Board   of   Managers    of    St.    Luke's 

2>7 


Hospital  consists  of  twenty-four  members, 
selected  at  the  annual  meeting  on  October 
i8th,  beside  two  appointed  by  St.  George's 
Society  of  New  York  and  the  Mayor  of  the 
City,  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Al- 
dermen, the  President  of  the  Medical 
Board  and  the  British  Consul  General. 

The  erection  of  these  buildings  cost  $i,- 
749,605.08, and  the  land  (536  ft.x583x2i3  ft., 
Morningside     Drive,     running     diagonally) 
cost  $530,000.     The  Margaret  J.  Plant  Pa- 
vilion, for  private  patients,  at  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  property,  will  cost  nearly  half 
a  million  more.     The  capital  assets  of  the 
institution  are  reckoned  at  $4,500,000,  over 
$1,000,000  of  which  has  been  given  for  the 
permanent  endowment  of  236  beds  and  two 
rooms  for  the  clergy.     The  cost  of  the  en- 
dowment of  one  bed  in  perpetuity  is  $7,500. 
The    hospital    receives    no    public    funds, 
but  is  supported  by  its  endowment,  which 
yielded    over    $84,000    in    1904,    as    against 
$40,000  in   1899;  by  receipts  from  patients 
and  by  voluntary    donations.     The   annual 
deficit    is    supplied    from    the    unrestricted 
legacies.    Dr.  Muhlenberg  started  his  "Cen- 
tury   Fund"    with    the    intention    that    one 
hundred  persons  should  annually  contribute 
one  hundred  dollars  each  toward  this  de- 
ficit.   There  are  about  ninety  names  on  the 
list.      Their    contributions   are    included    in 
the  first  figure  in  the  following  table,  which 

38 


shows    the    sources    of    income    since    the 
occupation  of  the  present  site : 


rv  o  O  >-  f'J  S 

00   O  -00  Oi   (y 
Oi  C  «^  -  ■»    E 


>^  u       — 


■>  1^  1^00  —  *£)  On 


DJ 


)  rC  lO  CO  r^^  N   -^ 


*r;  «  ™  c 


O^  COO    Tj-r^.  m-    (^ 

o  QC  ^  f*:  in  -^  t^  ti^ 

r^.OO  O  00  -^00  -I-  n 
yt\C  C  'O'"  "^  -*  -  ■^ 
Tf  ro  -^  Tj-vO  W  r^oc 


-<.B^ 


oococ  o  o  • 


■*!■  Tt  IN.  u-.O   «  u^OO 

O  rfri  n  ininocco 
00  O  C?od  C?v  f^  po  '^r 


ro  fO  m\0  ^  O  txO 


^  ri   O  00  »0   O  C^ 

Tj-sO  so  ^  NO  r^^ 


o  ■*<^  «  -  — 

O  «   ►-  ->NO  — 


O  ro  O  o  -  "11 


>  i 


N/^OC  O  I^  "^ 


TJ-VO    t^\C    OONO    CN 

ci  «  N  m"  m'  fP  ri  N 


bo  a 


o  r  - 

II  o 
-^  rt  u 


-H    = 


1^00  o>  O  -  '>)  to  ■* 
OnOnWCOOOOI 


CCOOOO   CnCvCnOCv 


39 


The  change  in  conditions  after  the  year 
1901,  the  first  year  of  the  present  Superin- 
tendent, is  due  largely  to  the  removal  of  the 
patients  of  the  House  of  Rest  for  Consump- 
tives. Every  j^ear  since,  four  wards  have 
stood  vacant  and  many  patients  have  been 
refused  admission.  Lack  of  room  for  pri- 
vate patients  and  for  the  required  nursing 
force,  as  well  as  lack  of  funds,  has  re- 
strained the  normal  growth.  The  opening 
of  the  new  pavilion  may  be  expected  to  im- 
prove conditions. 

The  following  table  shows  some  of  the 
results  of  methods  of  administration  dur- 
ing the  eight  years  at  Cathedral  Heights : 


>. 

a 

•o 

bfiS 

__ 

S"2 

u 

c  5 

°5 

tc 

C  p. 

>>«  " 

i> 

rt  0  „ 

0  i\  c} 

Q 

WW 

QEU 

U  c^ 

1897  

$   57.499 

$  151,018 

78,310 

$  1-77  ^ 

1898  

70,983 

161,781 

82,308 

1-72^ 

1899  

68.648 

161,61 1 

83.258 

1.81 

1900  

62.043 

175,250 

86,571 

1.8? 

1 90 1  

50,630 

180,263 

90,695 

1.82 

1902  

27,566 

177.514 

73.556 

2.08 

1903  

32.167 

179,026 

75,203 

2.08 

1904  

17.236 

180,217 

76.493 

1.98 

Average 

iti    the    old 

building 

1867-1877 

45.783 

1877-1887 

54.812 

56,668 

1. 12 

1887-1897 

91.619 

64,896 

1-35 

40 


The  quantity  of  work  done  has  increased 
every  year  with  tlie  exception  above  noted. 
The  expense  account  has  not  increased 
every  year.  Since  1898  the  deficit  has  nota- 
bly decreased  every  year  save  one.  The 
daily  cost  is  perhaps  the  most  significant 
figure  of  all.  With  the  known  increased 
cost  of  living  and  increasing  cost  of  hos- 
pital requirements,  there  has  been  practi- 
cally no  increase  in  the  figures  here  since 
1899.  and  an  actual  decrease  in  1898  and 
1904.  The  decrease  in  1904,  the  superinten- 
dent attributes  to  the  slightly  reduced  price 
of  coal  and  provisions  and  to  the  increase 
in  the  administrative  force  in  two  depart- 
ments. 

An  analysis  of  the  expense  account  ac- 
cording to  the  departments  of  work  is 
here  given.  Salaries  and  wages  are  placed 
separate  from  other  expenses. 


41 


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IX 

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CO 

CO 

fn 

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w- 

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~      

in 

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6«- 

O 
-*• 

■* 

O 

fc 

o 

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fO 

■s 

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o 

vO 

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■* 

tx 

00 

» 

no 

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00 

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IX 

w 

a 

o 

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- 

IX 

IX 

kH 

VD 

VO 

OS 

00 

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00 

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42 


St.  Alary's  Hospital  was  opened  by  the 
Sisters  of  St.  Mary  at  206  West  Fortieth 
Street  with  beds  for  fifteen  children  in  No- 
vember, 1870.  It  has  always  been  free. 
In  1873,  the  house  on  the  present  site,  with 
a  capactiy  of  twenty-six  beds,  was  occu- 
pied. The  present  main  building  was  erect- 
ed in  1880  and  the  addition  on  the  adjoin- 
ing lot  in  1893.  This  newer  part  contains 
two  medical  wards,  girls  on  the  main  floor 
and  boys  on  the  second  floor.  The  sis- 
ters' and  nurses'  apartments  are  above  these 
and  four  small  isolating  wards  on  the  fifth 
floor.  The  three  surgical  wards  are  on  the 
first  and  second  floors  of  the  Main  Build- 
ing. A  recent  addition  to  the  building  has 
doubled  the  capacity  of  two  of  these.  The 
third  floor  of  this  addition  is  occupied  by 
the  new  chapel.  The  operating  room  with 
its  dependencies  and  modern  appliances  and 
the  pathological  laboratory  are  on  the 
fourth  floor.    The  ward  capacity  is  108. 

In  1900  a  one-story  building  for  the  laun- 
dry was  erected  in  the  rear  of  the  hospital, 
facing  on  35th  Street.  The  power  and 
heating  plant  are  in  this  building. 

There  are  usually  six  sisters  in  residence 
to  supervise  the  work  of  the  hospital.  For- 
merly the  greater  part  of  the  nursing  was 
done  by  volunteers.  It  is  now  in  the  hands 
of  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  nurses,  who  are 
being  regularly  trained.     A  graduate  nurse 

43 


has  charge  of  the  operating  room.  There  is 
a  resident  physician  beside  the  attending 
and  consulting  staff. 

A  considerable  part  of  the  work  of  this 
hospital  is  surgical  treatment  of  maimed 
and  crippled  children  and  there  is  constant 
need  of  metal  supports  and  braces  for  the 
children  whose  parents  are  not  able  to  pro- 
vide them.  Children  are  received  between 
the  ages  of  two  and  fourteen  years,  and  in 
addition  to  acute,  occasional  chronic  cases 
are  received.  By  the  connection  of  the  dis- 
pensary and  convalescent  home,  St.  Mary's 
is  able  to  care  for  its  patients  during  a  pro- 
longed convalescence  or  whenever  they  are 
able  to  leave  the  ward.  The  Dispensary 
Building,  fronting  on  Ninth  Avenue,  was 
built  in  1894.  Above  the  reception  and  con- 
sulting rooms  on  the  main  floor  are  apart- 
ments for  the  resident  physician  and  others. 
From  the  opening  of  the  hospital  to  Sep- 
tember 30th,  1904,  11,430  children  had  been 
treated. 

St.  Mary's  Guild,  founded  in  1881,  with 
ten  members,  consists  of  81  women  who  sup- 
ply the  needs  of  two  wards  and  support  ten 
beds  in  the  Summer  Home  at  Norwalk. 
St.  Christopher's  Guild,  founded  in  1892, 
has  nearly  200  members.  It  looks  after 
three  of  the  wards  and  supports  ten  beds 
in  the  hospital.    ' 

In  the  summer  of  1877  drives  in  the  open 

44 


air  were  systematically  arranged  for  the 
patients.  Later  a  house  was  hired  for  them 
at  Rockaway,  and  in  1881,  one  accommodat- 
ing 70  children  was  bought.  In  1895  thirty 
acres  of  land  near  Norwalk,  Connecticut, 
were  obtained  and  the  buildings  opened  in 
July,  1897.  Here  as  many  of  the  children 
as  are  well  enough,  have  an  outing  during 
the  summer.  A  recent  addition  makes  the 
capacity   eighty. 

In  1888  the  Noyes  Memorial  House  ad- 
joining the  property  of  th"e  Sisters  at 
Peekskill  was  opened  for  incurable  and 
convalescing   children. 

The  cost  of  the  original  hospital  build- 
ing with  the  land  was  $77,000.  The  addi- 
tion built  next  it  cost  with  the  land  $142,- 
000.  The  Dispensary  and  Ninth  Avenue 
property  cost  $90,000.  The  property  on 
35th   Street,  with  buildings,  cost  $28,000. 

The  hospital  is  supported  in  the  usual 
way.  The  interest  from  endowments  sup- 
plies somewhat  less  than  one-half  of  the 
required    amount. 


45 


aati   Xep   lad 


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JO   S/Ceq 


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t^  h-   Oi  fO  ro 


r^  p^  P)  o  0)  ' 

1-5  -    -   O   OnI 


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•sjiBcIag! 


in  t^  ri  o  o 
N  O  QO  0>  t^ 
^  iriQO  r^  o 
r-%  t^  in  ri  ts 


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P4  ci  el  -rf  -^  c/^ 


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46 


The   growth    of   the    work   is    shown    by 
the  following  table : 


Average 
Number 
Admitted 

1/  „  li 

>  3  X 

In 

•the  first  building 

l)revious 

to    1 

1880I 

75 

4.141 

In 

one   building    1880 

to    I 

8q  +  . 

24b     1 

10,661 

Wi 

ith 

both   buildings 

i8q4 

to    1 

1899. 

023 

■  7.586 

With 

last  addition   1899  to   1904... 

837      : 

20,724 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  H.  Delano  established 
and  endowed  a  homeopathic  hospital,  known 
as  the  Laura  Franklin  Free  Hospital  for 
Children,  which  was  opened  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary  on  No- 
vember 2 1  St,  1886.  The  wards  extend  the 
full  depth  of  the  building,  and  occupy  one- 
half  of  the  first  and  second  floors.  Opening 
from  the  wards  are  wide  balconies,  which, 
as  far  as  possible,  are  used  by  the  chil- 
dren during  convalescence. 

A  kindergarten,  supported  by  the  Laura 
Franklin  Sewing  Society,  w-as  begun  in 
1903  to  help  make  convalescence  a  pleasant 
season.  During  the  summer  as  many  of 
the  children  as  possible  are  sent  out  of 
town.    Daily  service  is  said  in  the  chapel. 

The  hospital  has  accommodations  for 
fifty  children  between  the  ages  of  two  and 
twelve  j-ears,  and  is  for  curable  and  non- 
contagious diseases.  It  is  under  the  control 
of  a  board  of  five  trustees  who  have  the 
power  to  appoint  their  successors. 

In   addition   to   the    resident   doctor   and 

47 


superintendent,  the  staff  consists  of  two 
day  nurses,  two  night  nurses  and  nine  pu- 
pils. A  regular  training  school,  organ- 
ized in  igoo,  offers  a  course  covering  two 
and  one-half  years,  part  of  which  is  spent 
in  other  institutions. 

Ward  supplies  are  administered  in  con- 
nection with  the  operating  department. 
Everything  used  is  not  only  noted  in  de- 
tail, but  is  credited  to  the  individual  and 
occasion  to  which  it  belongs. 

The  figures  in  the  following  table  show 
that  the  amount  of  work  done  has  increased 
annually  during  the  past  four  years.  Dur- 
ing the  same  period  the  exceptional  de- 
crease in  the  daily  cost  is  the  result  of  im- 
proved supervision  of  both  the  use,  and  ob- 
taining of  supplies.  One  of  the  most 
difficult  problems  for  institutions  is  to 
obtain  an  honest  fulfillment  of  con- 
tracts. It  is  much  more  difficult  for 
a  hospital  superintendent  than  for  an  ordi- 
nary housekeeper  to  detect  fraud  in  either 
the  quantity  or  the  quality  of  articles  paid 
for: 


ii 

*j 

52 

•"  0 

II 

^5 

>,2 

^s 

S 

3  u 

ttf  u 

a  c7 

;z;h 

2H 

0 

-U 

1901 

343 

14,865 

153 

$  -95 

1902 

347 

17,06s 

156 

.76 

1903 

388 

20,033 

220 

.67 

1904 

400 

20,843 

222 

1    -59 

(3) 


48 


Analysis    of    expense    accoinit    for    three 
years : 


>. 

g 

0 

-^ 

■" 

v^  6 

u 

5 

C  v.. 

v.  rt 

c: 

^^ 

c-u 

t^! 

>-j 

1903 

$ 

374 

00 

$  587  00 

$ 

70  00 

Sal 

842 

00 

1,462  00 

$411  00 

435  00 

1904 

428 

62 

860  2Z 

73  16 

Sal 

787 

00 

1,366  59 

384  00 

406  84 

1905 

520 

00 

670  00 

102  00 

Sal. 

1,080 

00 

1,340  00 

384  00 

424  00 

bb 

_c 

ST 

= 

6 

0 

3 

_3 
0 

0 

in  u 

10 

0 

k2  *{ 

u 

i 

■^ 

Oi 

1903 

$  372 

00 

$ 

5.06 

2  00 

2,047  00 1     1 

Sal. 

742 

00 

645  00 1     \ 

1904 

370 

00 

5.03 

9  94 

1,388  80) 

60  00 

933  72. 

Sal. 

693 

75 

603  00 

1905 

213 

00 

4.80 

5  00 

380  00 

60  00 

361  00 

Sal. 

728 

00 

600  oo| 

When  the  Rector  of  Trinity  Church 
moved  from  50  Varick  Street  in  1873,  the 
building  was  occupied  as  a  parish  infirmary. 
Additions  were  made  to  provide  sufficient 
space  to  care  for  twenty-seven  patients. 
The  green  breathing  space  between  the  hos- 
pital and  old  St.  John's  Chapel  makes  a 
pleasant  outlook  from  the  wards  and  in- 
sures fresh  air  for  the  patients.  Sister 
Eleanor,  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Mary,  was 
in  charge  from  the  opening  ^of  the  hospital 
until  1900,  when  the  present  superintendent 
entered  upon  her  work. 

49 


One  difficulty  of  the  building  is  the  small- 
ness  of  the  wards,  necessitated  by  the  use 
of  the  various  rooms,  with  the  least  possi- 
ble advantage  in  arrangement. 

Under  the  superintendent  there  are  a  day 
nurse,  a  night  nurse  and  eight  pupils. 
These  are  usually  somewhat  below  the  age 
at  which  candidates  are  admitted  to  regu- 
lar training  in  the  larger  hospitals.  The 
work  done  while  serving  here  is  prepara- 
tory to  the  regular  course  later  on. 

The  attending  staff  consists  of  four  physi- 
cians, appointed  for  the  year,  serving  for 
a  period  of  three  months  at  a  time. 

Services  are  held  in  the  chapel  daily  at 
7   P.    M.     The    Holy   Communion   is   cele-  ' 
brated   on    Monday   and    Friday   mornings, 
and  there  is  also  a  Sunday  afternoon  ser- 
vice. 

A  housekeeper  has  charge  of  the  purchas- 
ing and  distributing  of  supplies.  Formerly 
a  druggist  was  employed,  but  prescriptions 
are  now  prepared  outside  of  the  hospital. 
The  majority  of  the  cases  are  surgical. 
Only  a  small  number  of  the  patients  are 
able  to  pay  for  their  treatment,  the  remain- 
der being  supplied  by  an  annual  appropria- 
tion from  the  corporation.  Less  than  half 
of  the  patients  have  any  connection  with  the 
Church. 

The  annual  cost  of  the  hospital  is  $13,- 
000.    It  has  gradually  increased  from  $7,000. 

SO 


The  monthly  pay  roll  is  $360.  Classifying 
the  annual  accounts  we  have  the  following 
table : 


bi) 

c 

■^ 

J2 

•5 

0  u 

0 

0 

u 

c 
s 

4) 

11 

3 
0 

> 

0 

c-u 

J 

w 

C- 

—  ii^ 

$891 

$     900 

$3,580 

$4,200 

1.584 

360I 

393 

672 

420 

"•0 

0 

>3 

n 

u 
1) 

rt  u 

rt  rt 

a  a 

0 

^u 

1902      

256 

1,035 

5,477 

128 

$1   99 

1903    

282 

1.394 

5.347 

144 

I   92 

In  the  matter  of  expense  the  year  1904 
seems  to  be  a  fairly  typical  year  for  these 
four  hospitals.  Their  daily  cost  for  ward 
patients  during  that  year  is  given  as  fol- 
lows : 


St.     Luke's     $   1.98 

St.    Mary's     69 

Laura    Franklin    59 

Trinity     1.92 

Taking  the  accounts  of  thirty-four  hos- 
pitals for  1904  as  reported  to  the  Saturday 
and  Sunday  Association  of  New  York  City, 
their  figures  of  daily  cost  are  found  to 
range  from  31  cents  at  the  Mother's  Homeof 

SI 


the  Sisters  of  Misericordia  to  $6.37  at  the 
Lying-in  Hospital.  The  average  of  the 
thirty-four  is  $1.79.  St.  Luke's  and  Trinity 
are  higher  and  St.  Mary's  and  Laura 
Franklin  are  much  lower.  St.  Luke's  has 
an  expensive  plant  and  the  requirements 
of  a  great  institution  involve  expenditures 
which  a  small  one  need  not  incur.  The 
extreme  opposite  is  the  case  of  expense  at 
Trinity.  The  plant  is  badly  suited  to  the 
work  and  the  amount  of  work  is  small. 

In  comparing  the  current  expense  ac- 
count of  these  four  institutions  it  is  to  be  re- 
membered that  this  figure  is  always  taken 
not  to  include  repairs,  insurance,  taxes,  im- 
provements and  whatever  appears  to  be- 
long exclusively  to  the  capital  account. 
Comparing  the  percentage  of  the  current 
expense  devoted  to  each  department  for 
this  same  year  we  have  the  following  ta- 
ble of  percentages : 


— ^ — 

tn 

0 

ti 

C 

OJ 

cS 

V 

>> 

c 

u 

u 

u 

<u 

a 

0 

c 

>> 

V 

.0 

W 

r 

•3 

0 
u 

0 
0 

C4 

u 

0 

V 

5 

-0 

0 

'> 
0 

0 

13 

St.    Luke     .  . 

10 

22 

6 

2 

3 

3 

10 

30 

12 

2 

St.    Mary    .  . 

5 

16 

I 

I 

6 

24 

27 

20 

L.      Franklin 

10 

18 

3 

4 

8/2 

40  >< 

16 

Prinitv     

7 

19 

3 

_3_ 

33 

32 

3 



St.  Mary's  first  figure  is  small  because  of 
its  being  in  charge  of  a  religious  order. 
Probably    the    second,     third     and     fourth 


should  be  in  a  single  column.  The  dis- 
crepancy at  St.  Luke's  would  then  appear 
greater  than  it  is.  The  reason  for  this  is 
that  so  much  more  attention  is  and  can  be 
given  to  the  professional  end  of  the  work 
than  elsewhere.  St.  Mary's  laundry  plant 
is  particularly  modern  and  expensive.  The 
housekeeping  column  suggests  more  atten- 
tion to  system  at  St.  Luke's  and  Laura 
Franklin.  At  St.  Mary's  the  smaller  pro- 
vision account  is  attributed  to  the  use  of 
less  meat  than  elsewhere. 

Patients  newly  discharged  from  hospi- 
tals and  others  not  acutely  but  really  ill 
are  unable  to  pursue  their  ordinary  avoca- 
tions. They  need  healthful  rest  to  prepare 
them  for  future  usefulness.  For  such  St. 
Andrew's  Hospital  was  started  in  East  Six- 
teenth Street  with  twelve  beds  by  the  Sis- 
ters of  St.  John  Baptist  in  1886.  They 
moved  to  their  present  quarters  three  years 
later  and  in  January,  1901,  doubled  their 
capacity  by  the  purchase  of  the  adjoining 
house.  From  twenty-eight  to  thirty-five 
women  can  be  accommodated.  There  are 
three  wards  and  a  sitting  room  on  the  sec- 
ond floor  and  above  are  two  more  wards 
and  three  individual  rooms.  A  trained 
nurse  is  in  charge  of  the  patients.  Five 
dollars  a  week  is  charged,  but  suita- 
ble cases  are  not  refused  when  approved  by 

53 


the  visiting  physician.  There  are  a  few 
cribs  for  children  whom  mothers  can  not 
leave  behind.  All  who  can,  pay  a  little. 
There  are  three  endowed  beds  yielding  an 
annual  income  of  $550.  Books,  magazines 
and  various  opportunities  for  recreation  are 
provided.  Friends  often  come  and  read 
aloud  to  the  patients.  The  close  proximity 
to  Stuyvesant  Square  is  an  advantage. 


-3 

ci  u 

Ah  ° 

f^  m 

^ 

jj  u 

S  >-  s 

V 

^    >»  CO 

s  y~ 

^C^Oj 

i—i 

0  w 

rttS 


ZH 


1900 |$i,i57  77l$i9i  25|$550  oo|$i,670  p\      176 

1901 1  :,273  07I  177  oo|  550  oo|  1,819  62I   138 


1902. 
1903. 
1904. 


2,767  90I  759  25 
2,720  12  820  20 
3,129  6o|  838  00 


550  00  2,202  13 
I  3,196  68 
I  3,079  48 


131 
233 
25s 


From  the  opening  of  the  hospital  to  Oc- 
tober I  St,  1904,  2297  patients  were  admitted. 
The  daily  cost  per  patient  in  1903  was  79c. 

The  hospital  is  kept  open  during  the 
eight  winter  months.  During  that  time 
most  convalescents  prefer  to  be  in  the  city 
near  their  friends.  In  the  summer  it  is 
better  and  they  prefer  to  be  out  of  town. 
Beginning  in  1903  a  summer  branch  was 
opened  at  Woodcliff,  New  Jersey. 

About  the  same  time  that  St.  Andrew's 
Hospital  was  started,  All  Saint's  Home  for 
Convalescent  Men  and  Boys  was  opened  by 
the  Brothers  of  Nazareth.  This  has  been 
conducted    at    Verbank,    Dutchess    County. 


54 


The    situation    of    tlic    farm    is    high    and 
healthful. 

The  Noyes  Memorial  Home,  opened 
at  Peek-skill,  September  29th,  18S8,  is 
a  large,  old-fashioned,  two-story  frame 
house,  with  accommodations  for  twenty 
children.  It  is  the  out  of  town  branch  of 
St.  Mary's  Hospital  where  the  children  who 
are  convalescent  or  in  frail  health  may  have 
the  advantage  of  country  life.  The  at- 
tempt is  made  to  arrange  for  them  to  stay 
long  enough  to  have  their  health  estab- 
lished. The  building  with  over  an  acre  of 
land  was  given  by  Mrs.  Emily  Noyes  in 
memory  of  her  husband.  It  adjoins  the 
property  of  the  Sisterhood  where  St.  Gab- 
riel's School  is  situated.  Five  beds  are  en- 
dowed, yielding  an  income  of  over  $700. 
The  house  is  kept  open  the  whole  year. 


Donations.     Interest. 


Current 
Expense. 


1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 


$1,867  00 
1,873  50 
2,753  39 
2,016  00 
2,180   17 


$675  00 
759   15 

600  00 
750  00 


$2,450  84 
2,434  48 
2,619  44 
2,584  59 
2,799   55 


Dispensaries  have  been  said  to  owe  their 
origin  to  John  Wesley,  who  no  doubt  saw 
their  need  in  his  work.  Some  English 
physicians,  however,  are  known  to  have  es- 
tablished them  about  the  middle  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century  to  offset  the  growing 
custom  of  apothecaries  giving  free  advice. 
The  Royal  General  Dispensary  of  London 


55 


was  established  in  1770  and  several  others 
soon  after.  The  Philadelphia  Dispensary 
was  begun  in  1786  and  the  New  York  Dis- 
pensary in  1791.  Dr.  Muhlenberg's  Parish 
Dispensary  grew  out  of  an  experience  sim- 
ilar to  Wesley's. 

Dispensaries  are  of  two  kinds,  out-de- 
partments of  hospitals  and  adjuncts  of 
mission  or  parish  houses  where  no  patients 
are  expected  to  stay. 

The  out-patient  department  of  St.  Luke's 
Hospital,  opened  in  its  present  quarters  in 
November,  1896,  receives  patients  in 
four  departments,  medical,  surgical,  gyne- 
cological and  opthalmic.  This  work,  while 
separate  from  the  hospital,  is  often  used  by 
patients  after  they  are  dismissed  from  the 
ward.  A  small  charge  is  made  for  the  med- 
icines supplied  and  the  rule  is  not  to  sup- 
ply treatment  to  those  who  are  able  to  pay 
a  regular  physician. 

The  dispensary  is  conducted  in  the  base- 
ment of  the  Men's  Pavilion  and  opens  di- 
rectly upon  the  street,  so  that  it  in  no  way 
conflicts  with  the  work  of  the  hospital  it- 
self. The  medical  patients  make  an  aver- 
age of  four  visits,  the  surgical  five  to  seven, 
and  the  gynecological  from  ten  to  fourteen. 
The  average  daily  attendance  at  the  dis- 
pensary is  given  in  the  following  table : 


56 


1 897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 


17.4 
26.2 
26.S 
34-7 
34-8 
34-8 
38.1 
36.8 


o  "^ 

~  n 

16.4 
23.1 
27-3 
30.6 
32.2 
36.2 
42.7 
46.8 


o  *- 

O  S 


3-3 
20.4 
21.2 
22.1 
27.4 

31- 

40.7 

30-5 


<Q 


There  appears  to  be  a  general  tendency 
to  increase  most  marked  among  the  surgi- 
cal patients.  The  sum  of  the  work  done 
and  the  annual  financial  accounts  are  shown 
in  the  following  table : 


>. 

0 

0  n 

c. 

0 

i 

c 

m  u 

w 

0 

0 

J2.S2 

y 

u 

y. 

V 

>Q 

C 

c 

U 

a 

1897  ••■• 

9.930 

8,163 

4,660 

$2,562 

03 

$1,314  41 

1898  .... 

18,117 

IS. 370 

6,82s 

3.578 

8b 

2.529  44 

1899  .... 

19.558 

15.817 

8,015 

3.653 

74 

2,691  20 

1900  ...  . 

23.490 

21,769 

9.235 

4.468 

09 

3.424  76 

I90I 

24,536 

25.264 

9,609 

4.399 

62 

3.652  07 

1902  .. .  . 

26,113 

27.059 

10,959 

4.473 

96 

4.217  15 

1903  — 

30,912 

31.650 

12,904 

5.725 

35 

4,892  00 

1904  .... 

3>.ii5 

32,867 

13.347 

6,119 

46 

4,870  00 

The  Wilkes  Dispensary  is  an  important 
part  of  the  work  of  St.  Mary's  Free  Hos- 
pital for  Children.  Surgical  cases  are  treat- 
ed in  the  morning  and  medical  cases  in  the 
afternoon.  Ten  cents  is  charged  for  the 
filling  of  prescriptions.  In  addition  to  this 
the  visiting  nurse  carries  the  ministrations 
of  the  institution  into  the  homes  of  those 


57 


who  are  unable  to  attend  the  clinic.  Be- 
sides her  professional  work  she  does  much 
in  the  way  of  providing  comfort  for  the  pa- 
tients and  combines  the  professional  with 
the  work  of  a  friendly  visitor. 

For  three  j'ears  sterilized  milk  was  pro- 
vided for  the  poor  children,  but  this  work 
has  now  been  removed  to  its  own  head- 
quarters where  it  is  is  carried  on  to  a  larger 
extent  than  formerly. 

Figures  for  five  recent  years  are  here 
given : 


v 

0, 

tn 

to 

tS'o 

n 

01  >• 

C 

.2 

.5 

"S^g 

0 

.  -  rt 

1 

(D 

iS 

CO 

CI. 

>  6 

s 

n. 

0  0 

0  i' 

a 

£S 

189^  4,639 

9-643 

$1,610  87 

$    499  77 

1898 

11,203 

1,646  20 

1,364  00 

1900  5,966 

13.382 

1,463  68 

1,293   74 

1902  6,234 

14.193 

22,891 

$459  53 

1,452  24 

1,550  01 

190416,413 

15.957 

22,891 

465  00 

1,728  60 

1,708  89 

In  the  basement  of  Trinity  Mission 
House  in  connection  with  the  down-town 
relief  bureau  the  dispensary  is  conducted 
mainly  for  those  recommended  by  the  Sis- 
ters in  charge  of  the  work  here.  During 
the  summer  of  1905  the  plant  was  re-furn- 
ished; the  consultation  room,  the  examina- 
tion room  and  the  drug  room  being  entire- 
ly refitted.  On  two  mornings  of  the  week 
a  trained  nurse  is  in  attendance  and  special 
attention  is  given  to  women.  The  charge 
made  for  medicines  in  all  cases  is  twenty- 


58 


five  cents  for  the  first  visit  and  ten 
cents  for  subsequent  visits.  This, 
however,  is  not  strictly  enforced,  though  an 
effort  is  made  to  treat  only  those  entitled 
to  free  medical  care.  The  expenses  in- 
clude the  salaries  of  the  physician,  his  at- 
tendant, and  the  drug  clerk,  beside  the  cost 
of  medicines.  A  summary  of  the  work  is 
here  given : 


>. 

>. 

s 

c 
.0 

. 

£  S 

Ch 

■^ 

■t^ 

• 

s 

■s? 

.5  n 

■2  5 

.i 

'•J 

oS 

'0 

w 

•J-. 

0 

0  0 

'-< 

a  u 

u 

u  u 

0 

X 

C-r- 

^^ 

',- 

C- 

^ 

'A 

1900  :,8i9 

5. 273  393 

5.SOO 

1,190 

$769  87 

I90ili,775 

5,394  385 

6,282 

1,605 

765  05 

$1,530  01 

1902  1,537 

4.912  675 

6,509 

1,796 

720  25 

1.573  46 

1903  1,506 

5,036|852|5,86i 

1,304 

716  00 

1,553  79 

1904  I, bi5|4. 9871821 15,708 

1.073 

797  90 

1,595  n 

A  clinic  is  held  at  St.  Chrysostom's 
Chapel  on  three  afternoons  in  the  week. 
Both  medical  and  surgical  cases  are  re- 
ceived. Prescriptions  are  supplied  by  a 
neighboring  druggist.  Ten  cents  is 
the  charge  made  to  all  who  apply.  A 
trained  nurse  is  also  in  attendance  part  of 
the  time.  During  1901,  1940  patients  were 
treated;  in  1904,  517  cases,  and  in  1905, 
307. 


The  Bloomingdale  Clinic  of  St.  Michael's 
Church  was  organized  in  1891.  Its  recep- 
tion and  consultation  rooms  are  in  the  base- 
ment of  the  Parish  Building  completed  in 
1902.      Patients    are    received    every    after- 

59 


noon  in  the  medical  and  surgical  depart- 
ments, the  nose  and  throat  department  and 
the  eye  and  ear  department.  A  night  clinic 
for  diseases  of  the  eye  and  ear  is  also  held. 
Beside  the  regular  work  of  the  clinic  a 
trained  nurse  endeavors  to  keep  track  of 
such  patients  as  need  her  care  in  their 
own  homes.  The  cost  of  the  work  is  about 
$400.00  annually,  $300.00  of  which  pays  the 
salary  of  the  nurse.  During  1901,  1,403 
cases  were  treated.  In  1902,  2,627  cases; 
in  1903,  4,679;  and  in  1904,  3,I97- 

St.  Bartholomew's  Clinic  is  at  215-17  East 
42nd  Street.  The  present  building  was 
opened  on  August  ist,  1902.  It  occupies 
two  city  lots  to  the  east  of  the  parish 
house  and  is  six  stories  high. 

The  present  building  has  been  especially 
appreciated  because  of  the  difficulties  under 
which  the  work  had  previously  been  con- 
ducted. From  a  small  beginning  under  prim- 
itive conditions,  the  present  building  is  re- 
garded as  a  model  institution.  The  nine  de- 
partments are  served  by  a  staff  of  fifty- 
three  physicians.  Patients  presenting  them- 
selves are  assigned  to  one  of  these  depart- 
ments where  a  thorough  history  of  the  case 
is  elicited  and  a  complete  examination 
made,  before  treatment  is  prescribed.  Such 
cases  as  are  supposed  to  be  able  to  provide 
for  themselves  are  investigated.     All  others 

60 


are    accorded    the    advantages    at    the    dis- 
posal of  the  institution. 

The  operating  department  has  been  equip- 
ped as  thoroughly  as  modern  surgical  sci- 
ence can  suggest,  and  patients  undergoing 
operations  of  suflficient  seriousness  are 
cared  for  from  twelve  to  forty-eight 
hours  in  wards  provided  for  that  purpose. 
There  are  seven  nurses  in  residence  in  addi- 
tion to  the  house  surgeon.  The  laboratory 
work  is  conducted  in  the  house.  The  head 
nurse  is  general  supervisor  of  the  institution, 
providing  supplies  of  every  kind,  and  a  drug- 
'  gist  is  in  daily  attendance  to  provide  what- 
ever is  required  in  his  department.  The 
chief  attention  of  the  staff  is  given  to  the 
nose  and  throat  departments,  upon  which 
the  daily  attendance  is  perhaps  the  largest 
in  the  city. 

Beside  providing  every  comfort  and  con- 
venience for  both  patients  and  workers, 
the  building  is  fire  proof,  and  an 
attempt  has  been  made  to  have  it  dirt 
proof.  Its  erection  cost  about  $600,000,  and 
the  annual  expense  is  in  the  neighborhood 
of  $17,000.  An  effort  has  been  made  to 
raise    the     standard     of     efficiency     rather 


Number   of   Patients 
treated     

Number    of    visits    to 
Dispensary     

Number  of  children   un 
der    1 5   years    

Number    of    operations 

Paid     prescriptions 

Total     prescriptions.. .  . 


15,881 


13.237 

14,683 

53.073 

54.18s 

5.155 
93S 

iS.-'oi 
23.508 

5.447 

1 .1  92 

18,227 

23,178 

61 


than  to  consider  questions  of  economy. 
As  part  of  the  work  of  St.  Luke's  Asso- 
ciation of  Grace  Church,  which  has  been 
at  work  since  1868,  a  physician  and  a 
trained  nurse  work  among  the  sick  poor  of 
the  east  side  and  have  their  headquarters  at 
"Grace  Hospital."  It  is  not  a  regular  dis- 
pensary but  does  a  similar  work  with  the 
co-operation  of  the  clergy  of  the  parish. 


V'isits   made   by 

physicians 
Visits    received 

by     physicians 
V^isits   made   by 

nurse     

Visits    received 

by    nurse    .  .. 


32 
1,897 
3,843 


1902 

120 
1,090 
2,223 
3.518 


1903 

lOI 

661 
2,494 
3.354 


159 

606 

2,251 

3,081. 


The  Association  has  an  invested  Endow- 
ment Fund  of  $8,149.80.  The  cost  of  the 
work,  met  by  the  Rector  of  the  parish,  is 
itemized  under  the  following  accounts: 


1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

Acct. 

Beneficiaries 

$   145   SO 

$  210  00 

$    222    DO 

$   120  00 

Doctors' 

484  00 

456  00 

429    00 

401   90 

Druggists' 

508  23 

589   13 

558    64 

466  74 

Nurses' 

578  29 

223  00 

608    46 

448   13 

Funeral 

306  50 

552   73 

88  00 

282   50 

Diet-kitchen 

158  96 

330  83 

459  57 

410  64 

Hospital 

137  40 

2   50 

12   50 

143  89 

Taking  the  number  of  visits  paid  to  and 
by  the  physicians  at  four  of  these  clinics 
during  the  year  1904,  and  the  ratio  of  ex- 
pense and  receipts  to  this  figure,  we  have 
the  following: 


St.    Luke's 

Vv'ilkes'     

Trinity      _.  . 

St.    Bartholomew's 


SECTION    II-INSTITUTIONS   FOR   THE    INCURABLE 
(INCLUDING  THE    BLIND  AND  DEAF). 

Home  for  Incurables  (1866), 
3rd  Ave.  and  184th  Street, 

Isaac  C.  Jones,  M.  D.,  Medical  Superintendent. 

The  Home  of  the  Holy  Comforter, 

Free  Church  Home  for  Incurables  (1879), 
139th  Street  and  Riverside  Drive, 
Beverley  Chew,  Treasurer. 

Sisters  of  the  Annunciation  of  the  Blessed  \'irgin  Mary 

(1893)- 
155th  Street  and  Broadway, 

Mother  Francesca,  Superior, 

The  House  of  Rest  for  Consumptives  (1869), 
Bolton  Road,  Inwood, 

Woodbury  G.  Langdon,  President. 

The  Society  for  the  Relief  of  the  Destitute  Blind  of  the 
City  of  New  York  and  Vicinity  (1869), 
Amsterdam  Avenue  and  104th  Street, 
Hon.  Henry  E.  Howland,  President. 

The  Church  Mission  to  Deaf  Mutes  (1872), 
587  West  145th  Street, 

Rev.  John  Chamberlain,  D.  D.,  Gen,  Manager, 


63 


At  the  close  of  the  Civil  War,  the  prob- 
lem of  permanent  invalidism  being  unusu- 
ally serious,  attracted  considerable  atten- 
tion. It  was  then  that  the  Reverend  Wash- 
ington Rodman,  of  Grace  Church,  West 
Farms,  decided  to  devote  some  portion  of 
his  Rectory  to  the  care  of  one  or  two  per- 
sons not  able  to  care  for  themselves.  From 
this  beginning  he  projected  an  institution 
which  might  care  for  incurable  patients. 
Receiving  encouragement  as  his  plan  be- 
came known,  the  Home  for  Incurables  was 
incorporated  in  April,  1866.  Soon  after- 
ward a  whole  house  was  secured  for  the 
work  which  continued  to  grow.  The  cor- 
ner stone  of  the  present  building  was  laid 
June  nth,  1S73.  The  north  wing,  built  in 
1879,  increased  the  capacity  from  60  to 
140.  The  north  pavilion,  erected  in  1885, 
and  the  four-story  south  pavilion,  erected 
ten  years  later,  raised  the  capacity  to  207. 
The  most  recent  addition  provides  sep- 
arate apartments  for  25  women  nurses. 
The  building  as  it  stands  in  1906  is  450 
feet  long,  and  its  capactiy  is  300. 

The  house  is  arranged  so  that  many  .of 
the  patients  occupy  small  wards,  but  most 
cf  them  have  rooms  where  no*  more  than 
two  are  together.  Some  aged  couples  are 
thus  enabled  to  maintain  a  shadovv'  of  their 
foimer  homes.  Smoking  rooms,  sun  par- 
lors, wide  piazzas  and  an  entertainment  hall 

64 
(4) 


offer  opportunity  for  comfort  and  enjoy- 
ment. Daily  drives  are  provided  by  one 
friend  of  the  institution.  About  135  em- 
ployees do  the  work  of  the  house.  The 
store  room  and  drug  room  are  systematical- 
ly regulated  and  the  whole  administration 
is  centered  in  the  superintendent's  office. 

The  Board  of  24  Managers  are  elected 
four  at  a  time  to  serve  six  years.  The 
Chaplain,  who  is  always  a  clergyman  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  devotes  considerable 
time  both  to  public  services  and  to  individ- 
ual ministrations.  The  present  medical  sup- 
erintendent assumed  charge  in  1876.  One  of 
the  four  resident  physicians  sees  every  pa- 
tient daily.  Paralysis,  locomotor  ataxia  and 
rheumatic  affections  are  the  chief  afflic- 
tions of  the  patients.  Every  year  there 
are  some  patients  discharged  cured.  Upon 
the  death  of  a  patient  no  post  mortem  ex- 
amination  is  permitted. 

The  helplessness  of  the  patients  here  has 
elicited  a  wide  interest  on  the  part  of  a 
large  portion  of  the  community.  Almost 
since  the  beginning  a  number  of  friends 
have  given  thought  and  time  to  the  work 
of  supplying  "auxiliary  comforts"  for  the 
patients.  The  Ladies'  Auxiliary  Board  was 
organized  in  18S1.  Part  of  its  work  has 
been  the  supplying  of  the  necessary  linen, 
towels,  etc.,  for  the  Home.  The  cost  of 
this  is  over  $1,000  annually. 

65 


All  patients  who  are  able  to  pay  are 
charged  $7  per  week.  There  are  fifty-two 
beds  endowed  in  perpetuity  and  thirteen 
more  during  the  life  of  the  donors.  The 
average  annual  number  of  free  patients  for 
the  past  five  years  has  been  76,  patients 
supported  on  free  beds  60,  and  pay  patients 
213.  The  average  current  expense  account 
for  the  same  period  was  $106,831 -35- 

The  average  current  expense  account  and 
daily  average  of  patients  has  been  as  fol- 
lows : 


For  the  decade  1873-1883 
For  the  decade  1883-1893 
For  the  decade    1893-1903 

For  the  year    1903    

For  the  year   1904   

For  the  year   1905    


0 

Current 
Expense 

cs  >  nl 

$  21, 600 

45.333 
82,206 

140 
222 

117.547 
108,700 
118,988 

270 

276 

The    following   table    shows    the   sources 
of   income   for   five  years : 


1901 1$  24,3841$  25,7901$  55.9521$     8,970     Def. 


23',452'r    6"i,'367'i'  63,5801  1,242  Bal. 

25,731     147.330I  58,856]  107.577  Bal. 

29,928         6,849!  59,148  32,269  Det. 

32,i2o|      40.482I  61,036!  44.339  r)ef- 


1902., 
1903. 
1904.- 
1905. 


The  variations  in  the  annual  donations 
are  due  to  the  fact  that  no  distinction  is 
drawn  between  legacies  and  ordinary  gifts. 

Sister  Louise  started  the  House  of  the 
Holy  Comforter  to  provide  a  home  for  in- 

66 


curable  women  of  the  better  class  and  to 
supply  training  for  homeless  girls  between 
the  ages  of  nine  and  eighteen.  It  was 
opened  September  15th,  1879.  At  first  the 
struggle  for  daily  maintenance  was  severe. 
Upon  the  death  of  Sister  Louise  in  1884, 
the  Sisters  of  St.  John  Baptist,  and  later 
the  Sisters  of  the  Visitation  took  charge. 
Since  1894  a  matron  and  nurses  have  ad- 
ministered the  house.  The  house  has  oc- 
cupied several  sites.  From  1894  to  1904 
it  was  at  151  Second  Avenue.  For  these 
ten  years  the  average  number  admitted  was 
six,  the  average  number  in  the  house  was 
thirty-seven  and  the  average  current  ex- 
penses $8,323.  For  the  ten  years  previous 
nine  was  the  average  admitted;  thirty  was 
the  average  in  the  house  and  $3,983  the 
average   running  expenses. 

In  November,  1904,  the  present  site,  cost- 
ing $225,000  was  occupied.  The  wards  of 
this  building  have  an  unobstructed  view  of 
the  Hudson  River.  Beside  the  work  for  in- 
curables carried  on  at  the  former  house, 
there  is  here  a  children's  ward. 

Accepted  applicants  are  admitted  on  three 
months'  probation  in  order  to  discover 
whether  they  are  able  and  willing  to  ac- 
commodate themselves  to  their  changed  en- 
vironment. The  effort  is  made  to  supply 
all  the  patients  with  congenial  occupation. 

There    were    forty-nine    patients    in    the 

67 


home  in  1905.  Of  these,  four  were  chil- 
ren.  The  number  of  days  care  given  was 
sixteen  thousand,  four  hundred  and  twen- 
ty-five, and  the  cost  per  day  per  patient 
about  sixty  cents. 

The  mortgage  on  the  present  property  is 
$46,000.  The  Permanent  Fund  amounts  to 
$64,735-11. 

The  Sisters  of  the  Annunciation  opened 
their  home  for  crippled  and  incurable  chil- 
dren at  Ti  West  Ninety-fourth  Street  on 
May  ist,  1893.  The  following  year  a  prop- 
erty with  fifty  acres,  seven  miles  from 
Stamford,  Connecticut,  was  procured  as  a 
summer  house  where  the  children  spend 
three  or  four  months  annually.  A  double 
house,  with  a  capacity  of  twenty,  at  518 
West  152nd  Street,  was  occupied  from 
1897  until  the  erection  of  high  buildings 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  made  removal  ad- 
visable. In  1905  a  plot  100  feet  square  was 
bought  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Broad- 
way and  155th  Street.  Here  a  four-story 
building  is  being  erected.  Three  wards  with 
ten  beds  each  are  to  have  a  southern  ex- 
posure, and  this  property  when  completed 
will  probably  cost  $150,000. 

During  the  year  ending  October  ist,  1904, 
the  running  expenses  of  $2,257.32  included 
$484  for  fuel,  $555  for  food,  $658  for  car 
fare,  cartage  and  carriage  hire  and  $559  for 
wages. 

68 


Girls  are  admitted  between  the  ages  of 
four  and  sixteen.  Occasionally  one  or  two 
remain  after  that  age  if  they  can  be  useful 
in  assisting  in  the  work  of  the  home. 
There  are  seven  or  eight  members  of  the 
Order  who  conduct  the  house.  Only  three 
or  four  persons  are  regularly  employed. 

Rev.  Dr.  Peters,  Mr.  H.  J.  Cammann  and 
Miss  E.  A.  Bogle  were  instrumental  in 
the  founding  and  early  progress  of  the 
House  of  Rest  for  Consumptives.  The 
work  was  begun  in  1869  and  the  site  at 
Mount  Hope  occupied  in  1872.  In  the  be- 
lief that  consolidation  with  a  larger  insti- 
tution would  benefit  the  work,  an  agreement 
was  made  with  St.  Luke's  Hospital  in  June, 
1891,  by  which  forty  beds  in  the  latter  in- 
stitution were  set  aside  for  the  patients  of 
the  House  of  Rest.  Up  to  this  time  1,676 
patients  had  been  received  into  the  institu- 
tion. The  arrangement  with  St.  Luke's  re- 
mained in  force  until  January  ist,  1902. 
The  present  site  was  then  acquired  and  oc- 
cupied March  28th,  1903.  It  consists  of  ten 
acres  overlooking  the  Hudson  River,  upon 
which  are  two  buildings,  formerly  private 
residences.  One  of  these  is  used  for  men 
and  the  other  for  women. 

Access  to  the  place  is  difficult  in  bad 
weather,  and  the  nature  of  the  work  makes 
it    hard    to    obtain    satisfactory    employees. 

69 


The  pay  roll  amounts  to  about  $550  a  month 
and  includes  three  men  besides  the  Super- 
intendent, and  ten  women  besides  four 
nurses.  The  cost  of  the  present  property 
was  $149,000.00.  The  annual  income  from 
invested  funds  is  $15,000.00.  The  property 
is  controlled  by  a  Board  of  fifteen  Trustees, 
three  of  whom  are  elected  every  five  years. 
The  object  of  the  work  is  to  care  for  con- 
sumptive cases  in  advanced  stages  of  the 
'disease.  One  of  the  problems  of  the  house 
is  to  keep  the  patients  sufficiently  warm 
during  the  winter.  The  high  ceilings  make 
the  rooms  difficult  to  heat  and  clothing  is 
expensive  for  the  patients  who  are  ex- 
pected to  spend  much  time  in  the  open  air. 
The  following  table  gives  average  statis- 
tics for  thirty  years  and  the  figures  for  the 
first  year  in  the  present  building: 


6 

•a 

S 

•d 

to 

0 

n 

•0 

ana 

to-X 

u    . 

u    . 

>  0 

>  0 

>  3 

<^ 

<Z 

<'R 

<U 

1872-1882    

55 

27 

261/2 

$  8,619 

1S82-I892    

I02J4 

60 

47 'A 

11,576 

1892-1902     

1 86 

100 

83 

1904    

74 

34 

21 

19,102 

The  Home  for  the  Blind  and  the  Gal- 
laudet  Home  for  the  Deaf  provide  for 
classes  of  people  difficult  to  care  for  in  their 

70 


own  homes.  The  founder  of  the  Home  for 
the  Blind  was  the  Rev.  Eastburn  Benjamin, 
who  opened  a  house  in  1868.  The  present 
three-story  house  was  built  in  1886.  It  ac- 
commodates one  hundred  and  cost  ninety 
thousand  dollars. 

Self-support  is  practically  impossible  out- 
side, but  within  the  Home  opportunities  are 
offered  for  work  which  shall  occupy  the  at- 
tention and  time  as  well  as  preserve  the 
self-respect  of  those  who  are  thus  enabled 
to  contribute  toward  their  own  support. 
The  women  sew  and  knit  aprons,  towels, 
shawls  and  slippers.  The  two  industries  of 
chair-caning  and  mattress-making  are  pro- 
vided for  the  men.  The  annual  receipts  of 
the  work  shop  amount  to  about  $4,000,  and 
an  annual  sale  of  articles  made,  realizes 
from  $200  to  $400.  One  part  of  the  pro- 
ceeds is  given  to  the  workers,  one  part  to 
the  Treasury  of  the  Home  as  board  money, 
and  one  part  is  kept  available  as  a  sick 
fund  and  a  fresh  air  fund.  Fully  a  quar- 
ter of  the  beneficiaries  can  practically  do 
nothing. 

Upon  admission  to  the  Home,  $10  a 
month  is  asked  for  board  and  any  estate 
left,  becomes  the  property  of  the  Society. 
Very  few  are  able  to  pay  the  $10.  About 
twenty  pay  something,  while  over  half  are 
entirely  destitute. 

While  the  Home  for  the  Blind  is  unde- 

71 


nominational,  the  services  held  on  Sunday 
afternoons,  which  all  attend,  have  always 
been  according  to  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer.  An  Endowment  Fund  of  $340,000 
yields  an  income  of  over  $14,000.  Cur- 
rent expenses  within  a  few  years  have  risen 
from  less  than  $10,000  to  over  $18,000.  The 
following  table  shows  the  sources  of  in- 
come and  balance  for  four  years : 


1901      1      1902 

1903 

1904 

Dona- 
tions 

$2,440  oo|$4,870   03 

$  3,985   71 

$       792   75 

Fairs 

5,296  32I       227   25 

7,692   12 

Board 

1,099   oo|    i.oSi    00 

1,232  00 

1,506  00 

Work- 

1 

shop 

612  67     1,1 18   10 

680  80 

627  64 

Inter- 

est     .  . 

8,627  94     8,929  68 

12,355   37 

14,512   55 

Bal.      .  . 

1,566  06 

7,342   60 

2,541   06 

Def.     ... 

1.736   50 

The  average  number  of  inmates  during 
that  time  appears  to  have  been  97^,  mak- 
ing the  annual  average  cost  of  each  $161.72. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  consists  of  fifteen 
men,  elected  annually,  who  take  charge  of 
the  property,  exterior  of  house,  heating,  etc. 
The  Bishop  of  New  York  is  ex-officio, 
Patron  and  Visitor.  A  board  of  thirty- 
eight  lady  managers  have  the  supervision  of 
the  running  of  the  institution. 

The  decision  to  organize  a  society  which 
could  look  after  the  interests  of  the  Deaf 
Mutes  on  a  wider  scale  than  was  possible  at 
St.  Ann's  Church,  was  reached  November 
29th,  1871.  The  main  intention  was  to  pro- 
vide needed  oversight  for  graduates  of  in- 
stitutions residing  in  New  York  and  neigh- 


•J2 


boring  states.  The  work  of  the  Society, 
which  was  incorporated  in  1872,  has  been 
to  hold  reUgious  services  at  various  points, 
to  help  the  sick  and  needy,  and  to  maintain 
the  Home. 

'Under  the  direction  of  the  Society  re- 
ligious services  are  held  every  Sunday  at 
St.  Mark's  Church,  Brooklyn.  Twice  a 
month  at  Trinity  Church,  Newark.  Once 
a  month  at  Yonkers  and  Newburg  and  oc- 
casionally at  Bridgeport.  New  Haven, 
Portchester  and  Paterson. 

The  silent  people  understand  that  the 
representatives  of  the  Society  are  glad  to 
help  them  in  any  way  possible.  Legal  ad- 
vice is  given,  employment  found,  relief  sup- 
plied and  in  some  cases  families  partly  sup- 
ported by  pensions. 

One  of  the  most  important  undertakings 
of  the  Society  has  been  the  Gallaudet 
Home.  This,  with  the  Society's  headquar- 
ters, was  first  opened  at  220  East  Thir- 
teenth Street,  but  it  was  soon  felt  to  be 
wiser  to  fix  its  location  away  from  the  city. 
In  1885  a  farm  of  one  hundred  fifty-six 
acres,  six  miles  below  Poughkeepsie,  was 
bought  for  twenty-seven  thousand,  five 
hundred  dollars.  After  extensive  repairs 
the  house  accommodating  about  twenty- 
five  was  occupied  in  May  of  the  fol- 
lowing year.  It  was  destroyed  by  fire  on 
February  iSth,  1900.    A  temporary  Home  in 

72, 


Poughkeepsie  was  rented  until  the  present 
building  was  completed  March  i6th,  1903. 
This  building  is  three  stories  high  with  a 
frontage  of  one  hundred  forty-two  feet. 
It  faces  the  south  and  commands  a  view  of 
the  Hudson  River.  The  building  is  steam 
heated,  and  special  provision  is  made 
against  fire,  by  a  system  of  fire  proof  walls 
and  doors  which  divide  the  building  into 
five  distinct  sections,  and  slate  and  iron 
staircases.  The  capacity  of  the  house  is 
fifty.  It  cost  eighty  thousand  dollars. 
Reading  rooms  and  sitting  rooms  are 
provided  for  both  in  addition  to  the 
Reception  Hall  which  occupies  the  central 
portion  of  the  main  floor.  The  farm  is  cul- 
tivated by  an  employee,  who  keeps  the 
house  supplied  with  milk  and  vegetables. 

The  administration  of  the  house  is  in 
charge  of  a  resident  matron  and  five  as- 
sistants, including  the  janitor.  The  work  of 
the  house  is  carefully  laid  out,  and  some 
occupation  provided  for  most  of  the  in- 
mates. One  man  who  has  the  additional 
afifliction  of  blindness  has  undertaken  type- 
writing and  carpentry.  Another  conducts 
religious  services  in  the  Chapel  twice  a 
day.  A  clergyman  visits  the  Home  on 
tv,-o   Sundays  in  the  month. 

The  annual  number  of  visits  received 
from  those  interested  is  large  considering 
the  comparative  inaccessibility  of  the  situ- 

74 


ation.  It  averages  about  one  a  day.  The 
internal  affairs  of  the  Home  are  adminis- 
tered by  a  Board  of  twenty-five  lady  man- 
agers, most  of  whom  live  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Poughkeepsie.  Tlicir  meetings  are 
held  monthly  and  an  annual  report  is  made 
to  a  standing  committee  consisting  of  four 
lady  managers  and  four  of  the  trustees  of 
the  Society,  with  the  general  manager  as 
chairman.  The  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Church  Mission  to  Deaf  Mutes  consists  of 
twenty-four  men,  eight  of  whom  are 
elected  annually  to  serve  for  three  years. 

The  following  table  gives  figures  for  the 
two  branches  of  the  work: 


«  2 


.55 


Average  for  decade  1873-1883  .. 
Average  for  decade  1883-1893  .. 
Average   for   decade    1893- 1903    .. 

For  year  ending  Oct.   i,   1903 

For  year  ending  Oct.    i,   1904 


$1,474 
2,086 
3,396 
4,166 
4.847 


2t3 
$6,119 

7,420 
5,403 

4,957 
4,921 


The  endowment  of  one  hundred  forty- 
five  thousand  dollars  ($145,000)  makes  it 
possible  to  receive  persons  without  the  pay- 
ment of  a  definite  sum.  Whatever  property 
they  may  have  is  expected  to  be  given  to 
the  Home.  The  age  for  admission  is  fixed 
at  sixty,  though  exceptions  to  this  rule  have 
been  allowed.  The  practical  result  of  the 
rhaintenance  of  such  an  institution  is  that 


many  persons  who  would  otherwise  be- 
come particularly  difficult  wards  of  the 
State  are  given  a  home  among  their  own 
people  with  specially  favorable  surround- 
ings. The  hope  is  entertained  that  the  Alms 
Houses  of  the  State  of  New  York  may  be 
entirely  freed  from  the  care  of  this  class  of 
dependents.  In  this  connection  it  is  to  be 
remembered  that  Deaf  Mutes  are  often  de- 
fective in  other  ways.  Except  in  case  of 
insanity  there  is  no  bar  to  admission  to  the 
Home.  Such  a  charity  providing  persons 
exceptionally  afflicted  with  an  environment 
exceptionally  favorable  speaks  well  for  the 
benevolent  tone  of  the  community.  Unless 
the  work  had  appealed  to  a  fairly  wide  con- 
stituency, it  could  not  have  been  established 
and  carried  on  as  it  has ;  yet  what  has  been 
done,  has  been  very  largely  due  to  the 
interest  inspired  by  a  single  individual.  It 
stands  as  a  worthy  memorial  of  the  found- 
er. Few  men  have  succeeded  in  bringing 
their  cherished  plans  to  a  more  satisfactory 
completion,  and  few  have  worked  more  en- 
thusiastically and  persistently  so  to  do,  than 
the  late  Reverend  Thomas  Gallaudet. 

An  analysis  of  the  expense  and  salary  ac- 
counts of  the  several  institutions  for  the 
year  1904  (or  1905)  is  given  as  follows: 


76 


•D13   'spunojo!  lo     <»      W     M 
'guijBaji  =?     *?     1,     ■* 


•SUOISIAOJjl 


•SuiJaanasnojj  ''i 


CO    T  'I    t  f  ■^ 


•AjpUtlB'Jl 


•uaiiDji^i 


o 
o 

CO 

o 

-1- 

CO 

CO 

-to  O  t  Ul  o 

"-3  -r  0  O   r-i  O 

IBuotssajoa J   ^f 

r^ 

- 

<«■ 

o 

to 

IT) 

o 

1-0 

I^  O  1^       •■» 

■uoiiEJjsiuiuipv  00_      o_      "      t^     oo 


IK    t/3    W    en 


r, -^  to 

'u  ;«  C"3  c  rt  n 

re  3  c5  c  re—  re 
"(5^  re  — "re  b"™ 


Of  the  six  institutions  we  have  under- 
taken to  describe  four  have  new  sites  or 
plants,  the  Home  for  Incurables  has  a  new 
wing,  leaving  only  the  Home  for  the  Blind 
in  very  much  the  same  position  as  20  years 


77 


since.  The  capacity  of  these  buildings  and 
the  present  annual  cost  per  patient  is  given 
in  the   following  table : 


Home  for  Incurables... 
House  Holy  Comforter. 
House     Annunciation.... 

House    of    Rest 

Destitute     Blind 

Gallaudet     House 


o  c 


442 
219 
133 
656 
162 
242 


The  resoures  of  an  institution  and  their 
relation  to  expenses  is  one  of  the  vital 
questions  to  be  faced.  These  resources  are 
usually  endowment  fees  received  from  pa- 
tients and  donations. 

The  percentage  of  income  from  each  of 
these  sources  for  the  past  four  or  five 
years  is  given  in  the  following  table : 


Home  for  Incurables  .. 
House  Holy  Comforter 
House    Annunciation    . 

House  of   Rest  

Destitute    Blind    

Gallaudet    Home    


19 

42 

39 

25 

— 

75 

— 

100 

75 

— 

25 

S7 

10 

33 

73 

7 

20 

78 


SECTION    III-INSTITUTIONS     FOR     THE    DEPENDENT 
(AGED  AND  ORPHANS). 

St.  Luke's  Home  for  Aged  Women  (1852), 
2914  Broadway, 

Marcia  P.  Darby,  Matron. 
Home  for  Old  Men  and  Aged  Couples  (1872), 
Amsterdam  Avenue  and   112th  Street, 

Herrmann   H.   Cammann,   Superintendent. 
Trinity  Chapel  Home  (1865), 
221  West  24th  Street, 

Rev.  W.  H.  Mbbert,  S.  T.  D..  Vicar. 
Home  for  Infirm  and  Needy  Communicants  (1893), 
112  Greenwich  Street, 

St.  Elizabeth  Society  of  Trinity  Church  Asso. 
St.  Philip's  Parish  Home  of  the  City  of  New  York  for 
Aged,  Infirm  and  Destitute  Persons  (1872). 
1 1 19  Boston  Avenue, 
A.  F.  Potter. 

Grace  Hospital  (1896), 
414  East  14th  Street, 

Mrs.  F.  E.  Morand.  House  Mother. 
Society  of  St.  Johnland  (1868) 
Trustees  of  the  Home  for  Aged  Women  of  the  Church 

of  the  Holy  Communion  (1869), 
Babies  Shelter  of  the  Ch.  of  the  Holy  Comm.  (1873). 
King's  Park,  L.  I., 

Rev.    Henry   Chamberlain,    Superintendent,   47 

West  20th  Street. 

79 


Orphans'  Home  and  Asylum  of  the  P.  E.  Chvirch  in  New 
York  (office,  Room  No.  615  United  Charities 
Building,  105  E,  22nd  Street   (1851), 
Fishkill-on-Hudson, 

Mrs.  Byram  K.  Stevens,  Directress. 
Sheltering  Arms  (1864), 
504  West   129th  Street, 

Sarah  S.  Richmond,  Superintendent. 
Society  of  St.  Martha  (1881), 
Bronxville,  N.  Y., 

Mother  Elizabeth  in  charge. 
St.  Paul's  School  (1894), 

Priory  Farm,  Verbank. 
Christ  Church  Home  (1857), 
South  Amboy, 

Sisters  of  St.  John  Baptist  in  charge. 


80 
(s) 


Tlie  classical  question  of  the  comparative 
merits  of  indoor  and  outdoor  relief  is  not 
yet  finally  settled.  In  church  work  at  least 
the  two  methods  exist  side  by  side.  The 
wisdom  of  the  outdoor  policy  is  often  ques- 
tioned, and  can  only  be  recommended  when 
temporarily  and  very  carefully  bestowed. 
We  intend  here  to  consider  indoor  relief 
only. 

Childhood  and  advanced  age,  though  sep- 
arated by  the  actively  productive  period 
of  life,  have  much  to  naturally  draw  them 
together.  Economically  one  tie  between 
them  is  their  comparative  dependence ;  but 
other  ties  of  affection  make  each  the  source 
of  much  of  the  truest  happiness  the  other 
ever  knows.  Both  seem  to  belong  in  the 
home  removed  from  life's  struggle  and 
shielded  from  its  danger.s  It  appears  al- 
ways to  have  been  so;  and  Dr.  Muhlenberg 
only  obeyed  a  natural  instinct  when  at  life's 
evening  he  brought  some  of  his  contempor- 
aries to  St.  Johnland  to  share  the  home 
which  already  sheltered  many  little  chil- 
dren. At  St.  Baranbas'  House,  Grace  Hos- 
pital and  at  Priory  Farm  both  are  cared 
for  under  the  same  roof  or  on  the  same  es- 
tate. 

The  general  purpose  of  the  church  in  en- 
tering the  field  of  relief  is  to  supplement 
the  work  of  the  state.  The  conditions  of 
almshouse   life   are   necessarily   and   wisely 

8i 


none  too  inviting  to  the  tramp  and  allied 
classes.  They  are  unendurable  to  those  un- 
fortunates who  in  advancing  years  drift  in- 
to dependence  or  are  threatened  with  re- 
moval from  an  old  familiar  environment. 
Cases  of  this  kind  seem  to  offer  a  proper 
field  for  private  and  ecclesiastical  ben- 
evolence. Of  a  more  questionable  kind 
is  that  where  relatives  wish  to  be  rid 
of  less  productive  or  less  congenial 
members  of  the  family  circle.  It  is  an  ill 
omen  when  any  home  refuses  a  welcome  to 
its  silver-crowned  members.  Yet  the  peace 
and  plenty  of  the  refuge  provided  by  the 
Church  may  offer  opportunities  for  greater 
happiness  to  those  who  enter,  as  well  as  to 
those  left  to  do  their  work  free  of  en- 
cumbrance. Where  the  individual  in  ques- 
tion is  only  distantly  related,  or  seriously 
incapacitated,  the  offer  may  sometimes  be 
wisely  accepted. 

The  system  of  pensioning  the  aged  has 
always  been  and  still  is  common.  From 
this  custom  church  institutions  for  the  de- 
pendent have  been  developed.  The  fact  was 
easily  recognized  that  a  number  could  be 
cared  for  better  and  more  cheaply  under 
one  roof  than  separately.  Early  institutions 
here  were  based  upon  the  model  of  Eng- 
lish Alms  Houses.  These  are  not  institu- 
tions but  houses  where  shelter  and  heat  are 
provided,  food  and  clothing  being  otherwise 

82 


obtained.  But  the  drift  has  been  toward  the 
institution  as  we  know  it.  The  few  rooms 
hired  for  the  aged  pensioners  of  St.  Luke's 
Church  soon  became  St.  Luke's  Home  for 
Aged  and  Indigent  Females.  From  the 
hired  house  in  Love  Lane,  Brooklyn,  came 
the  Church  Charity  Foundation.  The  house 
used  by  St.  Elizabeth's  Society  of  the  Trin- 
ity Association  appears  to  be  approaching 
the  transition.  A  house  needs  constant 
supervision,  and  in  busy  city  life  there  is 
no  substitute  for  a  resident  superintendent. 
In  becoming  an  institution,  however,  real 
care  has  been  taken  to  avoid  becoming  in- 
stitutional. To  make  things  homelike  has 
been  the  aim  as  it  has  been  the  chief  excuse 
for  the  existence  of  these  special  institu- 
tions. All  the  Homes  seem  to  agree  that 
rules  should  be  few,  interference  with  one 
another  must  be  prevented,  and  that  an  ex- 
ceptionally rich  diet  is  required. 

But  a  real  difference  between  the  bene- 
ficiaries of  a  private  and  public  institution 
ought  to  be  that  the  former  have  more 
needs  over  and  above  the  (physical.  De- 
pendents with  little  mental  or  moral  capac- 
ity should  be  cared  for  by  the  state.  The 
special  problem  before  the  managers  and 
matrons  of  a  private  institution  is  the  care 
of  higher  needs.  In  the  case  of  church  in- 
stitutions, a  chaplain,  and  the  service,  dear 
through  lifelong  familiarity,  has  and  should 

83 


have  a  conspicuous  place.  All  that  had 
made  life  significant  before,  should  be  re- 
tained as  far  as  possible. 

In  a  normal  home,  sufficient  occupation 
has  to  be  provided  for  minds  and  hands 
vi^hich  have  not  yet  learned  wisely  to  oc- 
cupy themselves.  A  skilfull  matron  ought 
to  approximate  this  ideal  in  an  artificial 
home.  Even  the  aged,  except  for  the  ex- 
cuse of  infirmity,  should  be  expected  to  care 
for  their  own  immediate  wants.  Their 
time  and  ability  can  often  be  used  to  ad- 
vantage by  the  institution,  at  the  same  time 
contributing  to  the  comfort  of  the  bene- 
ficiaries. The  larger  the  Home,  the  more 
difficult  it  is  to  do  this. 

St.  Luke's  Home  for  Aged  Women  and 
the  Home  for  Old  Men  and  Aged  Couples, 
both  had  their  beginning  at  St.  Luke's 
Church  in  Hudson  Street,  and  both  now  oc- 
cupy recently  constructed  model  buildings 
on  Morningside  Heights.  They  are  intend- 
ed to  provide  for  persons  who  have  been 
used  to  the  refinement  and  even  the  luxu- 
ries  of  life. 

The  present  building  of  St.  Luke's  Home, 
occupied  in  July,  1899,  is  a  six-story  struc- 
ture with  a  capacity  of  eighty-six  regular 
beneficiaries.  In  its  construction  the  effort 
was  made  to  provide  for  every  need  of  the 
Institution.  The  long  experience  in  the 
Home  at  Madison  Avenue  and  Eighty-ninth 

84 


Street,  had  suggested  many  needed  com- 
forts for  the  new  Home,  which  is,  of  course, 
more  expensive  to  run.  It  is  not  only  larg- 
er but  requires  a  greater  number  of  em- 
ployees. The  single  necessity  of  keeping 
the- whole  building  at  an  even  temperature, 
and  the  hygienic  care  of  floors  and  walls 
are  significant  items  of  expense.  The  ca- 
pacity has  been  increased  by  removal  to 
the  new  building  from  fifty-six  to  eighty- 
six,  but  the  annual  cost  of  maintenance  for 
an  individual  has  risen  from  about  $190 
to  $274  in  1903,  and  $284  in  1904.  The  ad- 
mission fee,  therefore,  would  be  sufficient 
only  for  about  one  year's  cost  of  the  bene- 
ficiary. It  is  added,  however,  with  a  por- 
tion of  the  unrestricted  legacies  to  the 
Sustentation  Fund,  which  in  1905  amounted 
to  over  two  hundred  and  sixty  thousand 
dollars. 

Sixteen  of  the  rooms  have  been  perma- 
nently endowed  by  a  gift  of  five  thousand 
dollars  (formerly  four  thousand  dol- 
lars) ;  with  the  exception  of  the  one  in 
the  gift  of  the  Rector  of  Trinity  Parish 
and  another  in  the  gift  of  the  Dean  of  the 
General  Theological  Seminary,  it  is  ex- 
pected that  they  will  all  come  entirely  un- 
der the  control  of  the  Board ;  ten  are  so 
already. 

Average   Current   Expenses: 

8    years — 1856    to    1864    $2,154 

1864    to    1873    4.149 

10    years — 1873    to    1883     9.832 

1883    to    1893    10.561 

1892    to    '903    '4.653 

85 


An  analysis  of  the  average  current  ex- 
pense and  salary  account  for  the  four  years 
1901   to  1905  gives  the  following: 


<j 

u 

ho 

c 

= 

C 

ti 

rt 

U 

U 

« 

a 

*t 

W) 

^ 

0 
'•V 
V 

"o 

c 

3 

3 
0 

0 

"m 

< 

<i 

Ui 

J 

s 

Ph 

J 

Cur. 

Exp.  .. 

$434 

$  258 

$1,059 

$8,779 

$4,250 

Sal.  ... 

235 

1,020 

$«52 

$408 

2,812 

2,455 

The  funds  for  these  and  other  necessary 
expenses  vi^ere  derived  as  follows : 


*  60 


1901 

.  .  .  $10,955  88 

$7,318 

17 

$  8,991 

62 

J902  .... 

8,398  23 

4,587 

23 

11,917 

43 

1903  .... 

11,866  27 

6,458 

78 

10,592 

5& 

1904  .... 

12,197  82 

4,332 

25 

10,672 

47 

The  care  of  the  property,  including  the 
entire  responsibility  for  the  structure  and 
of  the  heating  apparatus,  is  in  the  hands 
of  a  Board  of  Trustees,  composed  of  ten 
clergymen  and  ten  laymen.  The  house  is 
managed  by  a  board  of  ninety-five  women, 
representing  forty-two  parishes,  which  con- 
tribute to  the  support  of  the  Home.  The 
Board    is    organized    into    committees    and 


86 


two  are  appointed  each  month  to  assist  the 
matron. 

Applicants  for  admission  must  be  needy 
gentlewomen,  communicants  of  a  parish  in- 
terested in  the  work,  and  sixty  years  of  age. 
The  admission  fee  is  three  hundred  dol- 
lars. Upon  entrance  all  property  of  the 
individual  passes  into  the  possession  of  the 
Home.  The  rule  formerly  was  that  all  prop- 
erty passed  to  the  Trustees  at  the  death  of 
the  beneficiary.  Toward  the  end  of  the  stay 
at  Eighty-ninth  Street,  when  it  was  de- 
termined to  reserve  the  benefits  of  the 
Home  for  those  used  to  life's  refinements, 
it  was  decided  to  relax  this  rule,  thus  giv- 
ing much  and  taking  little.  This  system 
made  admission  to  the  Home  too  easy  and 
encouraged  ingratitude  on  the  part  of  rel- 
atives and  friends.  A  long  waiting  list 
calls  for  care  in  the  acceptance  of  candi- 
dates. Violation  of  the  simple  rules  of  the 
house,  after  two  warnings,  is  followed  by 
dismissal. 

Six  physicians  gratuitiously  offer  their 
services,  each  serving  two  months  of  the 
year.  For  the  convenience  of  invalids 
there  is  a  well  equipped  infirmary,  with  ac- 
commodations for  five  patients,  entirely 
shut  off  from  the  rest  of  the  house.  Three 
nurses  are  regularly  employed  and  the  in- 
firmary   is    usually    full. 

Besides  comfortable  and  sunshiny  rooms 

87 


and  a  bountiful  table,  the  chapel  with  fre- 
quent services,  the  endowed  Library  with  a 
large  supply  of  new  books,  ocasional  enter- 
tainments, and  consciousness  of  freedom 
from  care  and  freedom  to  do  as  one  wishes, 
are  chief  sources  of  happiness  at  the  Home. 

The  Home  for  the  Old  Men  and  Aged 
Couples  owes  its  existence  to  the  fact  be- 
ing brought  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Tuttle's  atten- 
tion that  the  Church  possessed  no  institu- 
tion where  a  man  and  his  wife  could  spend 
their  declining  years  together.  He  de- 
termined to  establish  such  a  Home  in  the 
building  next  St.  Luke's  Church,  just  va- 
cated by  St.  Luke's  Home.  With  various 
additions  this  building  was  occupied  for 
twenty-five  years. 

The  present  building  was  erected  and  oc- 
cupied in  1897.  Among  the  provisions  for 
the  comfort  of  beneficiaries  are  a  smoking 
and  billiard  room  and  an  electric  elevator. 
The  front  end  of  the  halls  on  each  floor 
is  fitted  up  as  a  sitting  alcove.  They  over- 
look the  rising  walls  of  the  new  cathedral. 
The  fifth  floor  is  arranged  as  an  infirmary. 
The  cost  of  the  completed  plant  was  $185,- 
202.40. 

Nothing  is  required  of  beneficiaries  save 
that  they  give  notice  when  they  expect  to  be 
absent  over  night.  A  few  have  given  their 
attention  to  writing  and  teaching. 


The  Home  is  not  as  closely  in  touch 
with  the  church  as  is  St.  Luke's  Home,  but 
the  services  of  the  church  are  regularly 
held.  Members  of  the  Episcopal  Church, 
residents  of  the  Borough  of  Manhattan  or 
the  Bronx,  are  given  the  preference  when 
vacancies  occur,  and  there  is  usually  a 
waiting   list. 

For  admission  a  man  must  have  reached 
the  age  of  sixty-five  and  his  wife  sixty 
years.  The  admission  fee  for  each  individ- 
ual is  $300.  Any  income  beyond  that  is  at 
his  or  her  disposal,  provided  that  at  death 
all  property  reverts  to  the  Home. 

The  increase  in  the  running  expenses 
since  entering  the  present  building  has 
made  the  income  from  subscriptions  and 
endowment  increasingly  inadequate.  In 
1904  they  did  not  cover  one-half  the  ex- 
pense. The  expedient  of  supplementing 
funds  by  means  of  fairs  or  entertainments 
has  not  been  resorted  to. 

An  analysis  of  current  expenses  and  of 
the  salary  account  shows  the  following: 


C 

cj 

a 
U 

C 

»i     t! 

c 

"a 

c 
0 

•5 

0 

1   .ff 

•a 

•5 

f 
w 

c 

3 

0 

1   11 

< 

S 

i2 

I-] 

B 

e-   _:S 

1900 

$680 

>478 

$1,116 

$6,827 

$2,100 

Sal.  .  . . 

640 

630 

480 

1,580 

1,420 

1901 

571 

291 

1.405 

7,642 

2.341 

Sal.   . .  . 

742 

730 

557 

1.833 

1.648 

1902 

601 

220 

975 

8,023 

2,406 

Sal.  . . . 

756 

744 

568 

1,870 

1,683 

J903  ■  •• 

685 

307 

638 

8,154 

^■tH 

Sal.  .  . . 

8681  816 

621 

2,050 

1.848 

1904  ... 

850 

571 

666 

8.654 

2.954 

Sal.  .  .  . 

818 

806 

611 

2,021 

1,819 

89 


The  income  was  derived  frOm  the  follow- 
ing  sources : 


T3 

■  H 

"a.  . 

B.m 

s.a 

t/2  0 

CO 

• 

>.s^ 

cj  ^ 

■s 

_S 

V 

!i 

ci  S 

u 

«  0 

-^ 

0 

i'  i< 

M 

Q 

Q'i 

1900 

$  3,689  81 

$2,646 

52 

$11,798  81 

1901 

10,955  88 

7,3>8 

17 

8,991  62 

1902  . 

8,398  23 

4.587 

23 

11,917  43 

1903  . 

11,866  27 

6,458 

78 

10,592  56 

1904  • 

12,197  82 

4,332 

25 

10,672  47 

At  present  four  single  rooms  and  one 
double  room  are  endowed.  The  Permanent 
Fund  amounts  to  over  $112,000  and  the 
Endowment  Fund  to  $28,000.  The  former, 
composed  of  accumulated  admission  fees, 
may  be  used  for  permanent  improvements 
to  the  Institution,  but  only  the  income  from 
the  latter  is  ever  touched. 

A  Board  of  twenty-one  Trustees  controls 
the  affairs  of  the  Home,  and  twenty-seven 
ladies,  forming  the  Board  of  Managers,  as 
usual,  attend  to  the  running  of  the  Insti- 
tution. 

The  usual  age  limit  adopted  for  admis- 
sion to  the  various  Homes  is  sixty  for  wo- 
men and  sixty-five  for  men.  A  question  of 
some  interest  is  the  comparative  length  of 
life  of  aged  couples  within  institutions  and 
of  those  outside.  The  following  table  gives 
figures  for  three  of  the  chief  institutions : 


90 


-0 
u 

'i 
< 

D 

< 

< 

St.   Luke's. 

1887-1895    (8  yrs.)   45  women.. 

64 

13   3-5 

77  3-5 

1896-1900   (4  yrs.)   23  women.. 

63 

8 

71 

1900-1903    (4  yrs.)   21   women.. 

65   i-? 

10  3-7 

75  4-7 

Home  for  Old  Men. 

69   1-3 

72 

10  2-3 

80 

1897-1904   39   men    

5 

77 

St.  Johnland. 

1901-1904     13    men     

68  1-2 

3  3-4 

72   1-4 

It  is  evident  that  the  men  do  not  thrive 
in  the  Homes  as  well  as  the  women  do.  St. 
Johnland  in  the  country  does  not  seem  to 
show  as  good  results  as  do  the  City  Homes. 
Country  life  is  perhaps  less  interesting  and 
stimulating,  and  those  who  go  to  St.  John- 
land  are  not  usually  in  as  good  condition 
as  are  those  who  go  to  Cathedral  Heights. 
These  figures  may  be  compared  with  the 
averages  obtained  by  life  insurance  agen- 
cies. The  average  expectation  of  life  in 
accordance  with  the  Northumberland  and 
the   American   table   is : 


Nohthumberland     American 
l-'iRvires.  Figures. 


For 

the 

ape 

of 

62 

12 

1-4  years 

12 

7-8  years 

For 

the 

ape 

ot 

6s 

10 

7-8  years 

1 1 

1-10  year 

For 

tne 

age 

ot 

68 

Q 

1-2  years 

9 

1-2  years 

For 

the 

age 

ot 

72 

7 

3-4  years 

7 

1-2  years 

91 


Benevolent  work  among  dependent  wo- 
men has  been  organized  at  Trinity  Chapel 
for  thirty  years.  Largely  through  the  initi- 
ative of  Mrs.  G.  W.  Stryker  a  comfortable 
place  was  found  where  the  beneficiaries 
could  be  cared  for  together.  The  present 
capacity  of  the  house  is  thirteen  and  it  is 
kept  filled.  When  vacancies  occur,  com- 
municants of  Trinity  Chapel  are  given  the 
precedence.  The  admission  fee  is  $225. 
At  the  time  of  admission  arrangement  is 
made  in  the  case  of  an  emergency  arising 
by  which  the  candidate  should  be  deemed 
no  longer  a  proper  person  to  be  retained  in 
.the  Institution.  The  present  premises  are 
rented  at  an  annual  cost  of  $1,100.  Cur- 
rent expenses  amount  to  about  $1,700.  The 
Board  of  Managers  consists  of  the  Vicar 
of  Trinity   Chapel   and   four   women. 

In  connection  with  the  Sisters'  work  at 
the  Mission  House  of  Trinity  Church,  at 
211  Fulton  Street,  St.  Elizabeth's  Society 
was  started  in  November,  1892.  The  pur- 
pose of  its  organization  was  to  give  a  nega- 
tive answer  to  the  question,  Shall  certain 
aged  communicants  of  Trinity  Church  be 
separated  from  their  parish  associations 
and  all  that  they  hold  dear,  and  suffer  the 
indignity  of  "The  Island?"  It  was  de- 
cided to  at  least  partially  provide  for  their 
maintenance,  and  since  May,  1893,  the  pres- 
ent house  at  the  corner  of  Greenwich  and 

92 


Carlyle  Streets,  reported  to  have  been  built 
for  the  Governor  of  the  State,  has  been 
rented  for  that  purpose.  It  is  conducted 
after  the  model  of  similar  English  founda- 
tions, which  are  not  institutions,  but  places 
where  individuals  are  provided  with  shelter 
and  heat.  There  are  usually  ten  beneficiar- 
ies in  the  House.  They  are  admitted  on 
the  recommendation  of  the  Sisters  at  the 
Trinity  Mission  House,  and  are  all  com- 
municants of  the  church.  Their  ages  range 
in  1904  from  sixty  to  eighty-seven.  Most 
of  them  are  Germans.  One  is  deaf  and 
dumb. 

Each  individual  has  entire  control  of  her 
own  room.  Cleanliness  alone  is  urged, 
and  no  rule  is  enforced  regarding  meals 
nor  the  length  of  time  the  tea-pot  shall 
remain  on  the  stove.  Small  kitchens  are 
fitted  up  adjoining  some  of  the  rooms,  thus 
adding  greatly  to  the  comfort  of  the  bene- 
ficiaries, who  seem  to  appreciate  what  is 
done  for  them,  their  freedom  from  restraint 
and  their  being  allowed  to  remain  amidst 
old  friends  and  familiar  scenes.  Mutual 
assistance  helps  over  many  of  the  rough 
places.  A  janitress  lives  in  the  building, 
cares  for  the  hallways,  and  gives  oversight 
to  those  who  may  require  it.  Some  of  the 
members  of  St.  Elizabeth's  Society  visit 
the  house  to  see  that  all  needs  are  provided 
for.     Each  member  of  this  Society  has  her 

93 


own  special  charges.  Grocery  tickets  are 
supplied  and  a  monthly  pension  of  $3.  In 
case  of  illness  the  patient  can  be  removed 
to  Trinity  Hospital. 

For  the  purpose  of  caring  for  the  sick 
and  needy  of  St.  Philip's  Colored  Church. 
a  Society  called  the  Sisterhood  of  St.  Philip 
was  started  in  1870.  After  two  years'  ex- 
perience the  Rev.  S.  D.  Denison,  Mrs. 
C.  A.  Guignon,  Mr.  A.  F.  Potter  and  oth- 
ers, decided  that  better  care  ought  to  be 
provided  for  aged  parishioners  who  needed 
it.  A  house  was  found  close  to  the  church 
in  Muloerry  Street,  the  first  floor  of  which 
could  be  used  and  the  rest  rented  to  help 
pay  expenses.  Here  a  Home  for  infirm  col- 
ored folk  was  organized  in  June,  1872. 
About  five  years  later  the  lease  of  a  house 
built  on  land  owned  by  the  Parish  at  127 
West  Thirtieth  Street  was  bought.  Here 
they  remained  until  1895,  when,  the  house 
being  in  bad  repair,  was  torn  down  and  its 
site  occupied  by  the  present  Parish  House 
of  St.  Philip's  Church.  The  average  cur- 
rent expense  for  seventeen  years  at  the 
House  was  $465.  The  figure  for  1902  is 
$1,191. 

The  new  Home  with  accommodations 
for  fifteen  is  situated  on  the  Boston  Road 
near  One  Hundred  and  Sixty-seventh 
Street.  It  was  a  two-story  frame  dwell- 
ing   with    an    addition    built    for    a     music 

94 


room.  This  has  been  furnished  as  a  Chap- 
el and  the  billiard  room  above  converted 
into  four  sleeping  rooms.  It  was  opened 
in  November,  1896,  and  the  following  St. 
Philip's  Day,  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary, 
the  Bishop  of  the  Diocese  held  a  service 
of  benediction.  At  that  time  the  managers 
of  the  Home  had  for  fifteen  years  been  ac- 
cumulating a  building  fund  which  reached 
the  sum  of  $3,000.  The  house,  with  three 
city  lots,  cost  $11,500.  The  mortgage  has 
since  been  reduced  to  $2,750.  A  steam 
heating  plant,  substituted  for  stoves  in 
1902,  has  added  to  the  comfort,  safety  and 
healthful   condition   of  the   house. 

The.  matron  supplies  occupation  for  the 
inmates  as  far  as  she  can.  When  able 
each  cares  for  her  own  room.  As  few  re- 
strictions as  possible  are  enforced,  though 
any  one  temporarily  leaving  the  house  is 
expected  to  obtain  permission.  All  the  old 
people  are  encouraged  to  feel  a  pride  in  the 
success  and  appearance  of  the  Home. 

On  the  day  of  the  removal  from  the  old 
house,  the  last  of  the  twenty-nine  persons 
who  had  been  cared  for  from  the  begin- 
ning died.  During  the  seven  years  of  the 
existence  of  the  new  Home,  twenty  have 
been  admitted,  of  whom  five  have  died. 
The  age  fixed  for  admission  is  sixty.  With 
increased  accommodations  it  was  found 
possible   to   care   for  others  than  members 

95 


of  the  Parish.  These  are  now  received 
upon  the  payment  of  $150.  No  sectarian 
rules  interfere  with  the  freedom  of  the 
beneficiaries,  and  more  than  one-half  of 
the  present  inmates  were  received  from 
outside  of  the  Parish.  It  is  probable  that 
most  of  those  cared  for  would  in  time  have 
become  public  charges  for  they  belong  to  a 
long-lived  race.  The  need  of  provision  for 
the  care  of  old  men  as  well  as  old  women 
has  long  been  felt.  The  cost  of  the  Home 
has  increased  with  the  number  of  bene- 
ficiaries. The  burden  of  this  has  fallen 
largely  upon  the  parishioners  of  St.  Phil- 
ip's almost  all  of  whom  are  poor  people. 

For  many  years  a  donation  visit  to  the 
Home  has  been  made  in  November,  at 
which  provisions,  clothing  and  money  are 
contributed.  At  a  bazaar,  held  on  Lin- 
coln's Birthday,  1904,  $1,036  was  realized 
for  the  benefit  of  the  Home. 

The  Rev.  H.  C.  Bishop,  Rector  of  St. 
Philip's  Church,  is  the  President  of  the 
Board  of  Managers.  This  Board  of  twen- 
ty-one members  is  elected  at  the  annual 
meeting  in  May  and  meets  quarterly.  They 
publish  reports  of  the  work  every  two 
years.  About  half  the  members  of  the 
Board  are  women,  who  constitute  an  exec- 
utive committee,  which  look  after  the  man- 
agement of  the  house  and  make  frequent 
visits.     The  need  of  endowment  is  obvious. 

96 
(6) 


All  that  has  been  received  toward  this  end 
has  been  a  piece  of  property  in  Yonkers, 
yielding  a  net  annual  income  of  about  $38, 
which  is  used  toward  the  support  of  the 
donor  in  the  Home. 

Grace  Hospital  is  a  part  of  the  work  of 
the  settlement  at  Grace  Chapel.  It  con- 
sists of  the  House  of  the  Holy  Child  for 
eight  little  ones,  flanked  by  the  House  of 
Simeon  for  eight  old  men  and  the  House 
of  Anna  for  eight  old  women.  The  Parish 
Dispensary  has  its  headquarters  in  the 
building.  A  resident  house  mother  with 
the  assistance  of  three  committees  has 
charge  of  the  houses.  The  special  charac- 
teristic of  this  work  among  the  aged  is 
the  introduction  of  the  "Brabazon  sys- 
tem/' which  for  twenty-five  years  has  been 
successful  in  English  work-houses.  The 
main  feature  of  this  system  is  the  teach- 
ing of  the  infirm  some  useful  occupation  in  , 
which  they  can  be  interested.  The  Persian 
rug  industry,  taught  and  practiced  by  the 
old  men  has  yielded  an  income  of  about 
two  hundred  dollars  a  year.  They 
had  the  satisfaction  of  donating  the  pro- 
ceeds to  some  charitable  object. 

The  play  room  and  night  nursery  of  the 
House  of  the  Holy  Child  are  on  the  sec- 
ond floor  of  the  central  building.  It  is  a 
temporary   home    for    children    in    such   an 

97 


emergency  as  contagious  diseases,  infirm- 
ity or  death  of  parents.  The  annual  num- 
ber admitted  is  about  eighty;  their  stay 
is  usually  brief.  The  need  of  such  a  refuge 
had  long  been  felt  at  the  Day  Nursery  of 
the  Parish  on  Fourth  Avenue. 

Figures  for  four  years  are  as  follows : 

Cost  of  Maintenance,  1905,  $6,688.32; 
1904,  $6,713.76;  1903,  $6,253.26;  1902,  $6,- 
260.29;    1901,  $6,039.42. 

The  Church  of  the  Holy  Communion 
from  the  beginning  has  given  a  conspicu- 
ous place  to  work  among  the  dependent. 
In  1869,  St.  John's  Inn  for  A'ged  Men  was 
built  at  St.  Johnland,  Dr.  Muhlenberg's 
social  community,  54  miles  from  New 
York;  and  the  Parish  Home  for  Aged 
Women  was  begun  by  the  Rev.  F.  E. 
Lawrence.  For  many  years  this  latter  oc- 
cupied premises  adjoining  the  Sisters.  It 
became  a  separate  corporation  in  May, 
1872,  and  in  1905  was  removed  to  St.  John- 
land,  where  the  Muhlenberg  House,  ac- 
commodating 24,  is  located.  The  annual 
charge  is  $150;  but  this  is  often  paid  by  the 
Parish    authorities. 

In  1904  the  Sunset  House  for  12  aged 
couples  was  opened  at  St.  Johnland  as  the 
newest  branch  of  the  work. 

St.  John's  Inn,  the  largest  building  on 
the  estate,  is  a  comfortably  fitted  house, 
with  curtained  alcoves  for  forty  old  men. 


A  smoking  room,  reading  room  and  bil- 
liard table  are  provided.  They  spend  much 
of  time  out  of  doors  and  are  free  from  re- 
strictions. 

The  main  work  at  St.  Johnland  is  for 
boys,  girls  and  little  children.  In  1868 
two  cottages  were  erected  for  crippled  con- 
valescent children.  Later  it  was  felt  that 
the  more  children  there  were  and  the  long- 
er they  stayed  the  better.  In  1905  there 
was  room  for  50  boys  and  45  girls. 

The  Babies'  Shelter  of  the  Church  of  the 
Holy  Communion  was  opened  as  a  day 
nursery  in  September,  1873.  From  one 
floor,  it  came  in  1885  to  own  its  own  house 
at  118  West  2ist  Street.  The  policy  was 
gradually  adopted  of  keeping  the  children 
over  night.  In  1894  this  work  having  sup- 
erseded the  day  nursery,  the  Shelter  was 
moved  to  St.  Johnland,  where  ten  years 
later  its  own  building,  known  as  "Lawrence 
House,"  was  erected.  Its  capacity  is  24. 
The  annual  charge  is  $170,  but  about  $600 
is  all  that  is  usually  obtained  from  this 
source.  The  endowment  fund  (in  1904 
amounting  to  $48,079.51)  yields  over  $2,- 
200  which  is  paid  to  the  Society  of  St. 
Johnland. 

The  question  of  the  economical  prepara- 
tion of  the  meals  is  not  entirely  solved. 
Supplies  are  furnished  from  the  central 
store  house  twice  a  week,  and  the  newer 

99 


houses  have  each  their  own  kitchens. 
Whether  separate  dining  rooms  in  each 
house  can  be  served  from  a  central  kitchen 
or  whether  different  households  shall  con- 
tinue to  eat  in  a  central  place  is  yet  to  be 
decided. 

The   Salary  and  Expense  account  at   St. 
Johnland   is   analyzed   as   follows : 


M 

>. 

0 

d 

nl 

"o  P 

■0 

0 

S 
•0 

sy 

3 

0 

> 

0 

IS 

<- 

fe!u 

v^< 

J 

Ch 

faj 

1901 

$1,440 

$268 

$     no 

$.^,S3 

$2,071 

$7,735 

$2,749 

Sal. 

2,020 

2Q 

1,035 

814 

2,998 

1,949 

1902 

1,469 

280 

1 10 

377 

2,481 

8,262 

2,070 

Sal. 

2,075 

340 

1,000 

644 

3,303 

2,214 

1903 

2,989 

427 

130 

306 

2.139 

8,550 

2,338 

Sal. 

2,120 

1,060 

697 

3,822 

2.323 

1904 

2,200 

472 

149 

343 

2,404 

9,182 

3,031 

2,o8ol 

1,178 

808 

4,156 

2,680 

The  analysis  of  Income  is 

as  follov 

vs: 

3 

"O    . 

0 
u 

j2 

S:2 

3 

0  ca 

■J) 

KCh 

1901 

$7,772  41  $11,692  oo|$5,o6i   82  $    592  94 

Def. 

1902 

8,278  39     10,047   53|    6,269  03     1,329  47 

Bal. 

1903 

8,643   79     11,971    531    6,990   73         435   7i 

Def. 

1904 

8,786   55 

11,768   75 

8,150  05 

372  55 

Bal. 

The  Orphans'  Home  is  considerably  old- 
er than  these  last  named  places  and  was 
the  first  of  the  institutions  for  children  es- 
tablished by  the  Episcopal  Church  in  New 
York.  In  the  year  1851  the  god-parents  of 
three  orphan  children  at  St.  Paul's  Chapel 
decided  that  their  wards  should  not  be 
placed  in  a  secular  asylum.     A  needy  wid- 

100 


ow  was  engaged  to  look  after  them  and  a 
room  rented  in  Robinson  Street.  The  need 
of  a  Church  Orphanage  was  now  brought 
to  the  attention  of  the  clergy.  Ten  men 
who  became  interested  met  at  the  residence 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  J.  H.  Hobart  (i)  on  De- 
cember 5th,  1851,  and  decided  to  establish 
such  an  institution.  For  a  short  time  the 
Orphanage  was  at  37  Renwick  Street, 
then  at  74  Hammond  Street,  and  five  years 
later  two  houses  at  146  West  Thirty-ninth 
Street,  where  eighty  children  could  be 
cared  for,  were  occupied.  The  corner- 
stone of  the  building  on  Forty-ninth  Street, 
east  of  Park  Avenue,  was  laid  October 
2nd,  i860,  and  the  house  occupied  the  fol- 
lowing April.  It  was  a  brick,  four-story 
building  with  dormitories,  class-rooms  and 
play-rooms.  An  extension  built  afterward 
provided  a  chapel  and  infirmary.  This 
property  was  bought  by  the  New  York 
Central  Railroad  in  1903.  With  part  of 
the  proceeds,  which  amounted  to  $250,- 
000  fourteen  city  lots  have  since  been 
bought  at  One  Hundred  Thirty-fifth  Street 
and  Convent  Avenue,  where  it  is  proposed 
to  erect  a  modern  fire-proof  building. 

Beginning    in    1894,    the    children    spent 
seven  summers  at  Woodsburgh,  L.  I.,  the 


I.  The  others  were  Rev.  Dr.s.  Wainwright- 
Taylor,  Hawks.  Tuttle,  Price,  and  T-  M.  Parks, 
and  Messrs.  \V.  Moore,  W.  Kent  and  W.  K^ 
Bogert. 


lOI 


Seaman  Homestead  at  Fishkill-on-Hudson 
was  then  rented,  and  the  place  proving  sat- 
isfactory, the  property  was  purchased  and 
additions  made  to  accommodate  all  of  the 
children.  Having  spent  the  summer  of 
1903  at  the  completed  Home,  it  was  de- 
cided not  to  return  to  the  city  for  the  fol- 
lowing winter. 

The  children  once  admitted  are  required 
to  remain  at  least  tv/o  years.  The  boys  us- 
ually stay  until  they  are  twelve  and  the 
girls  about  two  years  longer.  Care  is  tak- 
en to  see  that  all  have  been  baptized  and 
they  are  usually  brought  to  confirmation 
before  leaving.  Friends  or  relatives  are 
welcomed  on  the  last  Friday  or  the  first 
Sunday   of   the   month. 

Only  orphans  can  be  received  at  the  Or- 
phans' Home,  but  the  effort  is  made  to 
help,  not  to  supersede  the  natural  guard- 
ians. Pauperization  is  guarded  against. 
Relatives  are  expected  to  pay  75c  a  week 
during  the  children's  stay,  and  in  every 
decision  regarding  them  the  Managers  try 
not  to  assume  responsibility. 

Taking  up  statistics  at  the  Orphans' 
Home,  960  children  were  received  under 
its  care  during  the  first  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury of  its  existence,  and  a  somewhat 
smaller  number  during  the  second  period 
of  25  years.  During  the  40  years'  stay  at 
49th    Street    the    average    number    in    the 


Home  at  one  time  was  not  far  from  140. 
From  1863  to  1883  the  average  running  ex- 
penses per  annum  were  about  $13,000,  or 
$100  per  child.  Since  then  the  expenses 
have  gradually  risen  to  $23,000  in  1903 
when  the  average  number  of  children  was 
not   far    from    100. 

The    following   table    gives    the    Expense 
and  Salary  account : 


1900 

Sal. 

1 90 1 

Sal. 

1902 

Sal. 

1903 

Sal. 

1904 

Sal. 


$1,882 

1,129 

1,048 

1,140 

441 


$    290 

384 

306 

1,482 

320 


$2,202 

7,622 

2,941 
7.230 

2,1  12 
7,146 
3.585 

8.794 
1.773 
6,073 


!8,758 
7,693 
9,090 

8,567 
7,330 


>I,129 

1,337 

450 

1,633 

1,315 


The    following   table    shows    sources    of 
Income : 


« 


1900 1$    6831$    896|$25,6i3|$i,5i7l  Bal. 

1901 1       872I    i,i49l    18,414!    1,9611  Def. 

1902 1   1,804!    i,i2ol               I       779]  fa'- 

1903.. 1,536        9411   29,490     2,880  Bal. 

1904 1    1.091I      489I   2i,79i|   2,40o|  Bal. 

For  the  ten  years  ending  1890  the  aver- 
age number  of  children  was  145,  and  the 
average  running  expenses  $14,966.  For  the 
ten  years  ending  1901  the  average  number 


103 


of  children  was  117,  and  the  average  run- 
ning expenses  $18,954.  The  annual  cost 
per  child  thus  advanced  from  $103.21  to 
$162.00.  For  the  five  years  for  which  the 
figures  were  given  above,  the  average  cost 
was    $212. 

The  Sheltering  Arms  was  one  of  a  num- 
ber of  Institutions  which  sprang  from  ac- 
tivities centering  at  St.  Michaefs  Church. 
The  need  was  felt  for  a  place  where  chil- 
dren could  be  received  in  emergency  and 
not  for  a  definite  period.  From  temporary 
quarters  in  a  wooden  building  at  One  Hun- 
dredth Street,  they  occupied  the  present 
site  in  1869.  The  present  superintendent 
took  charge  the  following  year.  Here  are 
five  adjoining  cottages  under  a  single  roof. 
An  additional  cottage  for  a  family  of  twen- 
ty girls  was  built  in  1877,  and  five  years 
later  another   for   forty  boys. 

The  Sheltering  Arms  charges  $6  per 
month  with  permission  to  take  the  chil- 
dren away  at  any  time.  As  far  as  the  con- 
ditions here  seemed  to  permit,  the  cottage 
system  has  been  in  operation  from  the  be- 
ginning. Under  the  superintendent  a 
house  mother  is  in  charge  of  each  of  the 
five  cottages.  The  newest  of  these  is  rath- 
er large  for  the  purpose,  but  all  supply 
much  semblance  of  home  life.  The  older 
children  help  and  guide  younger  ones  in 
their  work  and  play,  and  after  the  little  ones 
104 


have  been  put  to  bed  the  school  children 
are  found  in  their  respective  sitting  rooms 
preparing  the  morrow's  lessons. 

During  the  first  twenty  years  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  Sheltering  Arms  (1866-1886) 
1,347  children  were  cared  for.  Since  then 
an  average  of  eighty-two  has  been  admitted 
annually,  and  there  have  usually  been  158 
in  the  Home.  The  following  table  of  cur- 
rent  expenses    shows    unusual    uniformity : 

For  ten  years,    1871-1S81    $15,719 

For   ten   years,    1881-1891    18,732 

For  ten   years,    1891-1901    19,823 

For    tne    year     1901     21,896 

For   the   year    1902    20,877 

For  the  year    1 903    21 ,646 

For  the  year   1904    20,864 

For  the  year   1905    24,137 

The  Expense  and  Salary  account  at  the 
Sheltering  Arms  fof  five  years  is  as  fol- 
lows : 


1 90 1 

Salary 

1902 

Salary 

'903 

Salary 

1904 

Salary 

1905 

Salarv 


3 

ti 

•- 

iz 

u 

c 

a 

.a 

u    . 

1) 

.^ 

•5  i 

^c3 

3 
0 

0 

a. 

$1,142 

$85 

$2,253 

$  9,845 

2,048 

4,093 

1.498 

54 

2.545 

9,541 

1.844 

4.158 

1,087 

69 

2,151 

9,311 

2.438 

4.254 

1,102 

66 

1,9.19 

9,841 

1. 671 

4.783 

1,042 

45 

2,500 

10,237 

1.931 

4,563 

$1,631 

982 

2.341 

1,462 

1,817 


The  Income  was  derived  as  follows : 


1 90 1 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 


$4,789  61 

$5,029 

28 

$18,308  29 

4.008  85 

S.061 

72 

14.292  79 

4.55,1  85 

6.67s 

65 

14.574  57 

4.308  22 

6,578 

37 

24.663  97 

3,848  59 

5.656 

67 

23.916  64 

105 


To  this  same  period  belongs  the  found- 
ing of  the  Shepherd's  Fold,  the  Children's 
Fold  and  St.  Barnabas'  House.  The  first 
two  were  operated  together  in  hired 
houses.  One  received  children  committed 
by  the  Courts,  while  the  other  conducted 
the  Home.  At  one  period  of  its  history, 
through  the  mistaken  policy  of  leaving  the 
whole  responsibility  in  the  hands  of  an 
incompetent  superintendent,  the  work  lost 
the  confidence  of  the  public  and  its  afifairs 
became  a  matter  of  general  criticism.  The 
work,  however,  was  revived  and  later  con- 
siderably expanded.  From  1893  to  1902 
over  one  hundred  boys  were  cared  for  at 
Mt.  Minturn  near  White  Plains  and  about 
fifty  girls  at  One  Hundred  Fifty-fifth 
Street.  This  work  has  since  been  consoli- 
dated with  the  Sheltering  Arms. 

St.  Barnabas'  House  for  the  past  forty 
years  has  provided  temporary  shelter  for 
homeless  women  and  children  at  the  origi- 
nal site  as  part  of  the  work  of  the  P.  E. 
City  Mission  Society.  Its  capacity  was 
doubled  in  1877  by  the  purchase  of  the  ad- 
joining house.  From  1867  to  1886  the 
House  was  in  charge  of  Sister  Ellen  and 
the  Order  of  the  Good  Shepherd.  After 
their  retirement,  for  a  while  they  conduct- 
ed a  small  Training  School  for  Girls  on 
Ninth   Avenue. 

The  House  of  the  FToly  Child  of  Grace 
ic6 


Hospital  was  opened  in  1896  for  the  tem- 
porary care  of  little  children. 

The  Orphanage  of  the  Church  of  the 
Holy  Trinity,  founded  by  the  Rev.  S.  H. 
Tyng,  Jr.,  in  1871,  was  conducted  for  many 
years  at  400  East  Fiftieth  Street  until  1903, 
when  its  wards  were  turned  over  to  other 
homes. 

The  Eighth  Ward  Mission  in  Charlton 
Street  was  founded  in  1877  for  orphan 
boys  older  than  those  commonly  admitted 
to  institutions.  It  was  developed  some- 
what along  the  lines  of  a  modern  settle- 
ment, while  some  of  the  time  the  boys 
were  cared  for  at  a  Branch  establishment  at 
Ossining. 

Since  October,  1857,  a  Home  for  train- 
ing young  girls  has  been  conducted  in  con- 
nection with  Christ  Church,  South  Amboy. 
Since  1886,  it  has  been  in  charge  of  the 
Sisters  of  St.  John  Baptist.  This  Or- 
der aso  conducted  an  Industrial 
School  at  Morristown  from  1896  to  1902, 
and  receives  children  for  training  at  the 
Sisters'  House  in  East  Seventeenth  Street. 
One  of  the  workers  with  the  Sisters  opened 
a  training  school  at  her  own  charges  in 
Washington  Square  in  1881,  incorporated 
as  the  Society  of  St.  Martha.  For  some 
years  it  was  continued  at  Twenty-second 
Street,  and  since  1895  on  a  small  farm  of 
twelve  acres  at  Bronxville,  New  York. 

107 


A  somewhat  similar  work  for  boys  has 
been  conducted  at  Priory  Farm,  near  Ver- 
bank,  N.  Y.  The  fine  school  house  of  St. 
Paul  was  erected  in  1894. 

The  following  table  gives  some  figures 
for  the  year  1904  or  thereabouts : 


„ 

c 

U 

u-t 

0 

V       c 

•ti 

M   0 

0 

2  >.£ 

0  V 

« 

<u  rt  C 

'~^Z^ 

U 

C-E^^t: 

V  a 


St.    Luke's    

Old    Men 

St.    Philip's     

Orphan's      

Sheltering    Arms 
St.    Johnland     .  .  . 


$291 

86 

49 

373 

55 

62 

79 

16 

2 

20s 

100 

93 

131 

185 

70 

174 

195 

28 

4 
18 
30 


The  three  principles  illustrated  in  the 
founding  of  the  Orphans'  Home,  the  Shel- 
tering Arms  and  St.  Johnland,  i.  e.,  edu- 
cation under  responsible  supervision,  tem- 
porary care  in  emergency,  and  healthful 
environment,  are  important.  The  founders 
of  the  earliest  of  these  were  earnest  peo- 
ple who  were  unwilling  to  have  children 
in  whom  they  were  interested  lost  amidst 
the  crowd  in  a  general  asylum.  What  they 
wished,  as  in  the  case  of  many  earlier 
schools  and  colleges,  was  definite,  ortho- 
dox, religious  instruction  and  approved  re- 
sponsible oversight.     The  Sheltering  Arms 

loS 


and  St.  Barnabas  introduced  greater  elas- 
ticity into  the  system  of  caring  for  de- 
pendent children.  Beside  orphans,  any 
needy  children  were  received  until  they 
could  be  looked  after  elsewhere.  The  Day 
Nursery  in  connection  with  St.  Barnabas 
is  said  to  be  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the 
city.  The  free,  open-air  life  at  St.  John- 
land  is  being  increasingly  recognized  as 
necessary.  Of  the  eight  homes  we  are 
considering,  only  three  are  located  within 
the  city  limits,  and  at  these  three  the 
child's  stay  is  more  or  less  temporary. 
The  Sheltering  Arms  was  practically  in 
the  country  when  it  was  built.  The  Man- 
agers of  the  Orphans'  Home  are  plan- 
ning to  build  on  Washington  Heights,  feel- 
ing that  their  charter  requires  their  work 
to  be  conducted  within  the  city  limits,  and 
that  there  is  an  advantage  in  keeping  the 
children  in  touch  with  their  parents  and 
with  the  managers.  Modern  city  condi- 
tions suggest  the  unwisdom  of  this.  An 
office  with  temporary  quarters  for  chil- 
dren, during  the  period  of  quarantine, 
might  be  maintained  in  the  city.  The  practi- 
cal need  of  an  expensive  plant  amid  city 
conditions  does  not  exist.  The  conven- 
ience of  access  for  parents  and  managers 
ought  not  to  take  precedence  of  the  chil- 
dren's welfare.  This  is  not,  however,  to 
be  interpreted  to  mean  that  no  place  is  left 


109 


for  such  institutions  as  the  Sheltering 
Arms  when  the  separation  of  component 
parts  of  the  family  is  intended  to  be  brief 
and  where  plans  are  made  for  its  speedy 
reunion. 

Mr.  Burdett,  an  eminent  British  author- 
ity, has  recently  said :  "The  orphanage  as 
an  institution  has  had  its  day."  (i)  If 
he  means  the  orphanage  as  conducted  over 
twenty-five  years  ago,  we  may  be  devoutly 
thankful  for  this  expert  opinion.  It  is 
hard  to  contemplate  with  equanimity  the 
obstinate  persistence  of  many  in  continu- 
ing methods  known  to  deprive  the  life  of 
its  victims  of  the  power  of  initiative. 
Institution  life  under  the  "congregate  sys- 
tem" has  been  demonstrated  to  be  disas- 
trous intellectually  and  morally.  A  nor- 
mal education  is  impossible,  and  ought  not 
to  be  expected.  But  as  institution  life  has 
been  modified  conditions  have  come  to  ap- 
proximate those  of  normal  life.  The  offi- 
cials in  charge  of  children  have  become 
foster-parents  and  the  orphanage  has  risen 
at  least  to  the  level  of  a  boarding  school. 

Greater  effort  should  be  made  to  bring 
all  children's  institutions  to  the  high  stand- 
ard set  by  a  few.  An  extension  of  the  cot- 
tage system  '  ought  by  all  means  to  be 
urged.     The    difficulties    involved     are    in- 


I  Hospitals  and  Charities  Year  Book,  1903,  by 
H.  C.  Burdett,  p.  106. 


creased  expense  and  the  necessity  of 
using  buildings  badly  adapted.  The  ad- 
vantage of  it  may  not  be  easily  ex- 
pressed in  figures,  but  the  demand  for  it  is 
a  demand  for  all  that  is  most  precioui 
to  the  child.  The  Sunbeam  Cottage  at  St. 
Johnland,  the  Little  May  Cottage  at  the 
Sheltering  Arms  and  Christ  Church  Home 
are  examples  of  the  operation  of  the  Cot- 
tage  system. 

A  Church  Home  aims  to  supply  advan- 
tages otherwise  impossible  to  many.  Dur- 
ing the  past  thirty  years  the  average  Amer- 
ican home  has  tended  to  deteriorate  while 
institutions  have  greatly  improved.  The 
unsanitary  environment  of  many  city 
dwellings  and  the  remoteness  from  all  im- 
proving influences  of  many  country  abodes 
would  seem  to  make  the  healthy  life  under 
skilled  direction  of  a  modern  institution 
appear   preferable. 

There  is  some  variation  in  the  age  at 
which  children  are  received  in  the  diflfer- 
ent  homes.  The  usual  age  is  about  six  or 
eight.  The  older  the  children,  the  more 
fixed  their  habits,  and  the  more  difficult 
the  work  of  implanting  principles  the 
teachers  desire  to  foster.  The  only  insti- 
tution now  under  consideration  which  ac- 
cepts nursery  children  for  any  length  of 
time  is  the  Baby  Shelter  of  the  Church  of 
the  Holy  Communion  and  they  regard  their 

III 


connection  with  St.  Johnland  as  particu- 
larly fortunate,  since  it  allows  the  chil- 
dren to  remain  continuously  under  the 
same  auspices  until  they  become  self-sup- 
porting. The  wisdom  of  providing  that 
the  childhood  of  any  one  should  be  spent 
entirely  under  conditions  admittedly  arti- 
ficial is  questionable. 

The  problems  of  the  care  of  children  of 
school  age  and  of  nursery  children  differ 
widely.  The  younger  children  require 
more  constant  individual  oversight.  This 
fact  bears  directly  upon  the  question  of  the 
best  method  for  their  care.  The  argument 
in  favor  of  the  boarding  out  system  allow- 
ing but  temporary  residence  in  institutions 
is  much  stronger  in  their  case.  Among 
the  problems  of  infant  city  life,  assuming 
the  good  intention  of  guardians,  are  prop- 
er food  and  proper  air.  The  Day  Nursery 
and  the  Diet  Kitchen  ought  to  supply  the 
one  and  the  Fresh  Air  Agencies  contribute 
sufficiently  to  the  other  to  make  permanent 
Homes  for  children  under  ten  seem  to  be 
unnecessary. 

The  question  of  diet  is  important  for 
growing  children.  The  problem  of  quan- 
tity, which  is  often  real  to  large  classes 
of  the  population,  ought  not  to  be  so  in  an 
institution.  The  question  of  quality  is 
more  difificult  and  one  which  the  children 
ought  to  some  extent  to  be  taught  how  to 


(7) 


solve.  The  clangers  are  cheap  food  which 
means  too  much  starch,  and  regular  repe- 
tition, which  means  too  little  appetite.  The 
nerve  centers  should  not  be  over-stimu- 
lated by  too  rich  diet.  Meat  is  not  neces- 
sary every  day  in  summer.  Hot  meals  are 
usually  preferable  to  cold,  yet  cold  suppers 
may  not  be  injurious  to  children  whose 
mental  work  is  not  exacting.  A  distinc- 
tion should  be  made  between  the  diet  of 
the  primary  and  the  high  school  child. 
The  serving  and  conduct  of  the  meals  is 
of  practical  importance.  Children  should 
be  taught  decorum  and  to  chew  properly. 
It  is  well  for  those  in  charge  to  eat  with 
the  children.  But  this  is  scarcely  practi- 
cal, except  where  the  cottage  system  is  in 
operation. 

Questions  of  training  and  education  are 
always  important  in  child-life.  The  aim 
of  an  "all  round"  education  ought  not  to 
be  emptied  of  its  real  significance.  At  the 
Sheltering  Arms  the  separate  school  was 
given  up  years  ago  and  the  children  sent  to 
the  public  school.  While  this  brings  the 
children  into  natural  and  wholesome  con- 
tact with  the  outer  world  it  has  some  com- 
pensating disadvantages.  The  boisterous 
influence  of  the  public  school  yard  counter- 
acts the  refining  efforts  of  the  Home.  At 
the  Orphans'  Home  the  two  teachers  com- 


113 


ing  from  outside,  bring  fresh  stimulus  to 
the  routine  of  Hfe. 

The  priciples  of  several  trades  are  better 
than  attempted  mastery  of  one,  for  boys 
still  in  school.  Let  them  begin  to  learn 
several  things  that  their  grasp  of  life  may 
have  some  breadth  and  their  choice  of 
an  occupation  be  made  intelligently.  The 
boys  are  pretty  generally  taught  the  use  of 
tools  both  in  the  workshop  and  in  the  gar- 
den. An  effort  is  being  made  to  acquaint 
them  with,  and  to  encourage  a  fondness  for 
nature.  Boys  and  girls  alike  are  taught  to 
care  for  their  own  homes,  to  sew  and  to 
cook. 

At  Christ  Church  Home,  besides  a  plain 
English  education,  the  children  are  taught 
to  dress  neatly.  An  interest  in  the  refined 
side  of  life  fosters  self-respect.  Through 
a  life  of  rule,  which  to  outsiders  might 
seem  rigorous,  not  repression,  but  self- 
control  is  sought  for.  The  children  are 
taught  to  be  truthful,  frank  and  pure.  Re- 
ligious exercises  are  not  made  distaste- 
ful. 

Duty  and  thorough  work  are  the  watch- 
words at  St.  Martha's,  and  the  effort  is 
made  to  direct  the  girls'  attention  in  other 
directions    than    domestic    service. 

The  cluster  of  busy  homes  at  St.  John- 
land  largely  realized  Dr.  Muhlenberg's 
ideal   of   a   village   community.     Continued 

114 


improvements  are  being  made  in  the  chil- 
dren's surroundings ;  but  the  natural  life, 
much  of  which  is  spent  in  the  primitive 
forest  is  the  great  thing  which  develops 
the  reserve  forces  needed  in  the  active 
life  before  them.  Every  afternoon  during 
the  summer  a  third  of  the  children  go  to 
the  beach  and  into  the  water.  Most  of 
them  learn  to  swim  readily.  Regular  semi- 
weekly  baths  are  the  custom  in  most  insti- 
tutions, and,  more  than  the  mechanical 
habit  of  washing,  the  understanding  of  the 
relation  of  cleanliness  to  health  is  hoped 
for. 

The  economic  education  of  the  child 
could  be  made  more  systematic.  Every 
one  needs  to  learn  how  to  earn,  how  to 
save,  how  to  spend  and  how  to  give.  Abil- 
ity to  partly  support  one's  self  promotes 
self-respect.  Children  should  only  be  paid 
for  work  which  would  otherwise  need  to 
be  hired.  At  the  Sheltering  Arms  the  girls 
after  finishing  school  at  fifteen  are  urged 
to  remain  two  years  longer  that  the  Home 
may  have  the  benefit  of  their  work.  At 
the  Little  May  Cottage  there  is  a  regular 
arrangement  with  those  who  do  so,  that  if 
they  are  faithful  they  shall  receive  a  com- 
plete outfit  and  fifty  dollars  at  the  end  of 
their  time.  There  are  perhaps  more  oppor- 
tunities for  teaching  the  children  how  to 
save  than  how  wisely  to  spend.     The  Shel- 

115 


tering  Arms  branch  of  the  Penny  Provi- 
dent has  been  successfully  maintained  and 
the  children  have  for  years  helped  main- 
tain a   foreign  missionary. 

Dr.  R.  R.  Reeder  of  the  Orphan  Asylum 
Society,  who  has  thrown  so  much  light 
upon  the  problem  of  dependent  children, 
asks,  Where  do  the  children  live?  Out- 
of-doors  is  a  good  place  to  play,  but  if  the 
indoor  life  is  confined  to  the  dormitory 
and  the  dining  room,  opportunities  for  the 
foundations  of  culture  may  be  wanting. 
A  play  room,  which  is  usually  a  substitute 
for  a  gymnasium,  while  useful,  does  not 
take  the  place  of  the  sitting  room.  Oppor- 
tunity should  be  given  to  learn  the  mean- 
ing of  civilized  life,  and  for  reflection. 
The  important  things  in  a  child's  train- 
ing are  a  cultivation  of  the  sense  of  re- 
sponsibility, of  a  wish  to  be  useful,  and  of 
ability  to  take  the  initiative.  To  this  end 
he  should  be  trusted,  given  work  he  un- 
derstands the  reason  for,  and  shown  indi- 
vidual discrimination  in  all  matters  of  dis- 
cipline. Children  should  be  taught  to  use 
their  heads  and  their  hands.  An  interest 
in  acquiring  information,  a  fondness  for 
reading,  habits  of  attention,  the  use  of  the 
memory,  are  important.  The  old  custom 
of  dressing  the  children  in  uniform  has 
gone  out,  because  it  marked  the  children 
as  peculiar,  and  becoming  a  badge  of  mis- 

Ii6 


fortune,   if   not   of   disgrace,    injured    their 
self-respect. 

Disciplinary  punishments  are  of  the  ob- 
vious sort.  Children  are  sent  to  bed,  put 
on  plainer  diet,  deprived  of  recreation  or 
of  something  they  are  fond  of.  The  senti- 
mental objections  to  the  switch  are  not 
shared  by  most  superintendents.  But  any 
study  of  methods  employed  leads  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  personality  of  the  lead- 
er is  of  incomparably  greater  importance. 
The  managers  of  an  institution  have  no 
more  serious  work  than  the  selection  of  a 
superintendent.  Persons  in  charge  of  the 
training  of  children  should  be  familiar 
with  the  details  of  home  life,  and  ability 
to  command  respect  and  affection  is  of 
greater  importance  than  culture  or  train- 
ing. 

The  most  conspicuous  change  which  has 
taken  place  during  the  past  ten  or  twelve 
years  in  the  Church's  care  of  children  in 
New  York  is  the  decrease  in  the  number 
of  institutions.  Instead  of  thirteen  we 
have  but  seven.  Where  homes  are 
largely  supported  by  endowment  or  by 
more  or  less  perfunctory  church  collec- 
tions, efficient  managers  are  difficult  to 
obtain  and  they  can  as  readily  oversee  a 
large  as  a  small  institution.  The  more 
important    reason,    however,    is    the    newer 


117 


idea  regarding  dependent  children.  The 
increased  popularity  of  the  placing  out 
system  and  the  growing  conviction  that 
children  should  only  make  a  temporary 
stay  in  the  institution,  has  made  the  pres- 
ent number  of  Homes  suffice.  As  children 
approach  the  age  of  fourteen,  relatives 
begin  to  manifest  a  v^'ish  to  have  them  back 
that  they  may  assist  in  the  support  of  the 
family.  A  large  proportion  of  institution 
children  are  so  returned  to  those  who  have 
a  claim  upon  them.  In  some  cases  girls 
do  not  leave  until  they  are  seventeen.  The 
older  they  are  the  greater  the  service  they 
are  able  to  render.  In  some  cases  a  longer 
stay  seems  necessary  to  fit  them  for  great- 
er efficiency  and  superintendents  feel  the 
obligation  to  guard  and  protect  any  who 
are  not  yet  ready  for  self-dependence. 

In  selecting  families  with  which  to  place 
children  favorable  moral  and  religious  sur- 
roundings are  naturally  considered  of  chief 
importance.  The  Managers  of  the  Or- 
phans' Home  arrange  for  a  three  months' 
trial,  after  which  the  new  guardians  place 
$12.50  in  the  bank  annually  until  the  child 
reaches  an  age  when  he  or  she  may  be  ex- 
pected to  become  self-dependent.  The 
Sheltering  Arms  has  but  few  whose  par- 
ents do  not  claim  them  when  they  can  be  of 
use.  These  few  are  usually  placed  through 
the  Children's  Aid  Society. 

118 


Results  are  important  but  they  are  dif- 
ficult things  to  judge.  Immediate  results 
are  found  from  a  study  of  the  conditions 
of  children  while  in  their  respective  insti- 
tutions; the  lasting  results  in  what  they  af- 
terward become.  With  the  purpose  of  ob- 
taining information  regarding  the  condi- 
tion of  children  now  under  the  protection 
and  guidance  of  Church  Philanthropy  in 
New  York,  167  boys  and  193  girls  were 
measured  in  7  institutions.  Beside  the 
age  and  the  length  of  time  spent  in  the 
institution,  the  weight,  height  and  chest 
measurements  were  taken.  This  last  was 
obtained  by  averaging  measurements 
taken  when  the  lungs  were  inflated  and 
when  empty.  Taking  the  boys  first,  in  five 
institutions,  87  were  above  the  average  for 
height  obtained  through  investigations  con- 
ducted by  Dr.  Hull,  of  Clark  University, 
(see  "Physical  Nature  of  the  Child,"  by 
S.  H.  Rowe),  69  were  below,  leaving  lo 
just  at  Dr.  Hall's  standard.  The  distribu- 
tion among  the  institutions  was  as  fol- 
lows: 


Numbe. 
in 

r    of    Boys 
Home. 

Abo7'e. 
Ate  rage. 

Below 

Average. 

I. 

II. 
III. 

IV. 
V. 

17 
42 
38 
49 
20 

6 

24 
30 
17 
10 

9 

17 

6 

27 

10 

Total 

.166 

87 

69 

119 


Taking  now  the  weight  of  most  of  the 
same  boys,  40  of  105  were  above,  64  be- 
low and  one  at  the  average,  distributed  as 
follows : 


Number    of 

Boys 

Above 

.Below 

in  Home. 

Average. 

Average. 

I. 

II. 

III. 

17 
42 
46 

9 

17 
14 

8 
24 
32 

105 

40 

64 

In  the  chest  measurement  y^  of  129  were 
above,  44  below  and  12  at  the  average,  dis- 
tributed as  follows : 


Boys. 

Above. 

Below. 

1. 

17 

14 

I 

11. 

37 

27 

9 

HI. 

38 

2S 

9 

IV. 

37 

7 

25 

Total.  .. 

...129 

73 

44 

Seventeen  more  than  half  were  thus 
above  the  average  in  height.  Thirty-two 
more  than  half  were  below  in  weight;  and 
thirty-four  more  than  half  above  in  the 
chest  measurement. 

In  these  tables  no  allowance  is  made  for 
the  amount  of  deviation  from  the  average. 
In  some  cases  it  is  slight.  According  to 
Dr.  Townsend  Porter  deviations  of  from 
I  1-2  to  2  1-2  inches  in  height,  and  from 
I  to  I  1-2  inches  in  the  chest  are  not  to  be 
regarded  as  significant.  Thus  of  the  eigth- 
ty-seven  out  of  the  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
six  boys  who  were  said  to  be  above  the 
average  in  height,  only  fifteen  were  signifi- 
cantly  above.      Twenty-nine    of   the    sixty- 

120 


nine  who  were  below  were  significantly 
below.  The  average  height  of  the  whole 
number  is  3-10  of  an  inch  above  the  stand- 
ard. Taking  the  weight  of  the  forty  out 
of  one  hundred  who  were  above  the  stand- 
ard thirty-three  might  be  counted  signifi- 
cantly so.  Of  the  sixty-four  below,  for- 
ty-eight might  be  called  significantly  be- 
low. The  average  for  all  the  boys  was  half 
a  pound  bclozc  the  standard.  In  the  chest 
measurement,  seventy-three  out  of  one 
hundred  and  twenty-nine  were  above  the 
average,  but  only  thirty-one  were  signifi- 
cantly so.  Seventeen  of  the  forty-four  be- 
low were  significantly  below.  The  aver- 
age for  all  was  1-3  of  an  inch  above  the 
standard. 

Taking  now  the  girls  in  six  institutions 
in  the  same  way,  ninety-five  of  one  hun- 
dred eighty-six  were  above  the  average 
height;  seventy-three  below,  and  eighteen 
were  at  the  average  standard. 


Girls. 

Abo'.e. 

B 

clozv. 

I. 

21 

lO 

8 

II. 

21 

10 

9 

III. 

60 

3« 

22 

IV. 

30 

13 

14 

V. 

34 

19 

13 

VI. 

20 

12 

7 

—. 

^~^ 

■^— 

Total .  .  . 

...1S6 

95 

73 

In  weight  fifty-three  of  the  one  hundred 
twenty  were  above,  sixty-two  below  and 
five  at  the  average  standard : 


Girls.  Above.  Below. 

I.  21  lO  9 

II.  60  27  3» 

III.  39  If  ff 

Total 130 5i 62 

In  the  chest  measurement  thirty-three  of 
the  fifty  were  above,  eleven  were  below 
and  six  at  the  standard.  Two  girls  more 
than  half  were  above  the  average  in 
height;  two  more  than  half  were  below 
the  average  in  weight  and  eight  more  than 
half  were  above  the  average  in  chest  meas- 
urement. 

Of  the  ninety-five  out  of  one  hundred 
eighty-six  who  were  above  the  standard  in 
height  fifty-seven  were  significantly  so;  of 
the  seventy-three  below,  thirty-two  were 
significantly  so.  The  average  height  of 
these  one  hundred  eighty-six  girls  was  half 
an  inch  above  the  standard.  Of  the  fifty- 
three  out  of  one  hundred  twenty  who  were 
above  the  standard  in  weight  forty  ap- 
peared to  be  significantly  above;  and  of 
the  sixty-two  below  forty-nine  significantly 
so.  The  average  weight  of  the  one  hun- 
dred twenty  girls  was  3-10  of  a  pound  be- 
low the  standard.  Of  the  thirty-three  out 
of  fifty  above  the  standard  in  the  chest 
measurement  sixteen  were  significantly  so. 
None  seemed  to  be  significantly  below  and 
the  average  of  the  fifteen  girls  was  i  1-2 
inches  above  the  standard.  Looking  at  the 
various     records     of     individual     children, 

122 


about  28  girls  and  17  boys  might  be  said 
to  be  quite  above  standards  set  by  average 
children.  About  30  girls  and  25  boys  are 
below.  This  is  not  a  large  percentage 
when  one  considers  that  perhaps  one-half 
of-  these  below  were  in  a  very  poor  condi- 
tion, under-nourished,  under-cared  for, 
crippled,  or  dwarfed,  when  admitted  to  the 
Home.  At  least  a  quarter  had  not  been 
long  enough  in  their  new  environment  for 
its  influence  to  become  apparent.  Com- 
paring the  height  and  the  weight  it  is  no- 
ticeable that  4  boys  and  10  girls  are  above 
the  standard  height  but  below  in  weight. 
It  is  not  uncommon  for  children  to  thus 
outgrow  their  strength;  but  the  superior 
intelligence  which  is  supposed  to  govern 
an  institution  ought  to  be  on  the  lookout 
for  this.  The  average  height  of  all  chil- 
dren was  seen  to  be  slightly  in  excess  of 
the  standards  while  the  weight  was  below. 
This  fact  is  as  significant  as  any  obtained 
from  the  investigation.  While  it  shows 
a  very  slight  deviation  from  outside  chil- 
dren, that  deviation  is  not  in  the  direction 
of   superior   care. 

A  distinguished  student  of  this  subject 
has  said  that  boys  leaving  school  at  thir- 
teen from  the  ill-fed  section  of  the  com- 
munity averaged  11  pounds  less  and  3  1-2 
inches  shorter  than  those  properly  fed. 
The  29  boys  of  the  age  of  twelve  and  over 

123 


in  the  institutions  we  are  considering  were 
found  to  be  about  51-2  pounds  less  than 
the  standard,  8  of  them  were  more  than  11 
pounds  below.  In  weight  they  were  just 
half  as  bad  as  these  under-fed  children ; 
but  in  height  they  were  practically  normal. 
4  of  the  36  girls  of  this  age  were  more  than 
II  pounds  below  the  standard  but  the  aver- 
age was  close  to  the  standard.  This  is  not 
a  good  showing  for  the  boys,  and  suggests 
that  they  are  not  as  well  cared  for  as  the 
girls.  This  may  be  partly  because  they 
present   a    more    difficult   problem. 

The  attempt  to  follow  the  subsequent 
history  of  these  institution  children  has 
met  with  difficulties.  No  complete  rec- 
ords exist.  Care  is  taken  to  see  that 
the  children  are  satisfactorily  placed  with 
an  eye  to  their  moral  and  religious  wel- 
fare. Where  they  do  not  go  to  relatives, 
some  responsibility  is  felt  until  the  age  of 
eighteen  is  reached,  but  beyond  that,  "the 
children  keep  track  of  us"  is  the  testimony 
given.  When  this  is  not  done  the  matter 
is  left  to  the  chance  interest  of  individuals. 
The  loss  to  the  institution  is  probably 
greater  than  is  appreciated ;  records  would 
not  be  so  difficult  to  keep,  annual  greet- 
ings could  be  sent,  or  annual  gatherings 
held.  Such  a  system  would  afford  an  ex- 
ceptionally favorable  opportunity  for  an 
increased  influence  for  good. 


124 


SECTION  IV— INSTITUTIONS    FOR    THE    DELINQUENT. 

The  House  of  Mercy,  New  York   (1854), 
Inwood-on-the-Hudson, 

Sister  Gertrude,  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  i\Iary.  . 

The  Midnight  Mission  (1867), 
289  Fourth  Avenue. 

St.  Michael's  Home  (1887), 
Mamaroneck,  N.  Y., 

Sister  Jessie  Gertrude,  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  John. 

Shelter  for  Respectable  Girls  (1880), 
212  East  46th  Street, 

Sister  Catharine  and  Eleanor. 

St.  Barnabas  House  of  the  P.  E.  City  Mission, 
304  Mulberry  Street, 

Susan  P.  Mather,  Deaconess  in  charge. 


125 


Reformatory    work    has    always    had    an 
especial   attraction   for   members   of   Relig- 
ious Orders.    Those  whose  moral  and  spir- 
itual aims  are   highest   feel   drawn  toward 
this  work  of  lifting  the  fallen.     Neither  the 
House  of  Mercy  nor  the  Midnight  Mission 
was  founded  by  the  Sisters;  but  they  were 
started  because  of  wide  recognition  of  their 
need.     After  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
success    were    realized,    they    were    handed 
over    to    the    Sisters.      The    Order    of    St. 
Mary  was  started  for  the  purpose  of  car- 
rying on  the  former,  and  the  work  of  the 
latter  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  produced 
results  until  taken  in  hand  by  the  Sisters 
of  St.  John  Baptist.     The  House  of  Mer- 
cy is  the  older  and  larger  of  the  two  and 
is  one  of  the  more  important  of  the  phil- 
anthropic agencies   initiated  by  Mrs.   Wm. 
Richmond  in  connection  with  her  systemat- 
ic visits  to  Blackwell's  Island.     She  began 
the  work  in  a  hired  house  at  Eighth  Ave- 
nue and  Jauncey's  Lane,   and  the  original 
five  trustees  had  it  incorporated  February 
23rd,    1855.     Two  years   later   they  moved 
to   the   foot   of   West   Eighty-sixth    Street. 
In  1870  an  addition  to  the  house  made  pos- 
sible  the   separation   of  the   younger   from 
the  older  girls  and  found  room  for  a  Chap- 
el  and   Infirmary.     The   present   site,   con- 
sisting of  eighty  city  lots,  on  the  summit 
of  Inwood  Hill  was  occupied  in  1891.     It 

126 


is  the  highest  point  on  Manhattan  Island 
and  commands  a  view  of  the  Hudson  Riv- 
er in  both  directions. 

The  object  of  Mrs.  Richmond's  work 
was  to  take  girls  whose  environment  had 
been  bad  and  train  them  that  they  might 
learn  to  lead  useful  lives.  The  first  effort 
to  relieve  the  foundress  of  some  of  the  re- 
sponsibility of  the  work,  was  the  organiza- 
tion in  i860  of  a  Ladies'  Committee  to 
help  in  the  raising  of  funds  and  in  the 
placing  of  girls  about  to  leave  the  Home. 
In  1863  the  management  of  the  institu- 
tion was  given  into  the  hands  of  the  newly 
founded  Sisterhood  of  St.  Mary.  From 
about  this  date  until  Easter  Day,  1903,  the 
house  was  under  the  direction  of  Sister 
Mary.  Four  thousand  and  twenty-five 
girls  were  cared  for  during  this  period  of 
forty   years. 

The  work  of  reformation  is  notoriously 
difficult.  Even  when  seemingly  accom- 
plished, its  effects  are  often  but  temporary. 
Perhaps  the  work  is  still  in  its  experimen- 
tal stage.  Great  changes  in  method  have 
certainly  taken  place,  thus  making  even  re- 
cently constructed  plants  difficult  to  utilize. 
One  of  the  most  obvious  changes  has 
been  the  recognition  here,  as  elsewhere,  of 
the  need  of  dealing  with  individuals  in 
small  groups  rather  than  in  wholesale 
fashion.     The    substitution    of    the    cottage 

127 


for  the  congregate  system  at  the  House  of 
Mercy  has  reduced  the  former  capacity,  and 
rendered  parts  of  the  plant  practically  use- 
less. 

Under  the  same  roof  and  managemenr, 
yet  kept  as  separate  from  each  other  as 
possible,  the  three  departments  of  the 
House  of  Mercy  are  for  three  distinct 
classes  of  penitents.  St.  Saviour's  Sanitar- 
ium in  the  center  is  for  private  patients, 
afflicted  by  the  alcohol  or  some  drug  habit. 
The  south,  or  St.  Agnes,  wing  is  for  the 
preservation  or  prevention  class.  This 
is  made  up  of  children  under  sixteen  years 
of  age,  who,  though  wayward,  are  not  de- 
praved, and  because  of  their  age,  are  par- 
ticularly hopeful.  The  north  wing  is  the 
House  of  Mercy  proper,  for  the  women 
over   sixteen. 

Inmates  are  received  by  parents  or 
guardians  surrendering  voluntarily  their 
rights  over  the  girls  for  three  years,  or 
during  minority;  or  they  are  sent  to  the 
House  by  commitment  of  the  Courts.  This 
has  been  legal  since  1886,  and  a  majority 
of  the  girls  in  the  House  have  been  so 
committed. 

The  methods  employed  in  the  St.  Agnes 
Wing  on  the  sunny  side  of  the  House,  do 
not  differ  widely  from  those  of  other 
schools.    There  are  the  usual  school  duties, 

128 
(8) 


and  out  of  study  hours  they  are  kept  busy 
at  housework,  sewing,  and  carefully  super- 
vised play.  They  are  trained  under 
the  care  of  the  Sisters  and  their  earnest 
assistants.  In  the  House  of  Mercy  itself 
the  character  may  be  truly  said  to  need  to 
be  re-formed,  and  this  necessarily  takes 
time;  yet  the  effort  is  made  to  give  the 
place  as  little  the  aspect  of  a  prison  as  possi- 
ble. Educational  methods  have  been  adopt- 
ed. Elementary  branches  are  taught.  A 
class  in  shorthand  has  had  considerable  en- 
couragement. The  work  is  varied  as  much 
as  possible. 

Beside  the  classification  of  age  between 
the  two  wings  of  the  House,  the  girls  of 
the  House  of  Mercy  are  separated  into 
three  grades :  The  Entrance,  Middle  and 
Honor  Grades.  Promotion  from  one  to 
the  other  is  carefully  supervised  and  grad- 
uation from  the  Honor  Grade  may  not  be 
hoped  for  within  six  months  of  entering 
it.  When  the  girls  leave  they  usually  go 
into  domestic  service  or  back  to  their  own 
houses.  Two-thirds  of  them  have  no  par- 
ents ;  which  fact  goes  largely  to  explain 
their  presence  in  the  House.  There  has 
been  recently  adopted  a  system  of  parole 
which  is  felt  to  be  a  wise  system,  offer- 
ing as  it  does  a  considerable  restraint  at 
the  trying  time  of  re-adjustment  to  ordi- 
nary social  conditions  after  the  removal  of 

129 


the  direct  institutional  supervision.  Nearly 
one  in  five  show  themselves  unable  to 
stand  the  experiment  and  have  to  be 
brought  back. 

Some  changes  have  been  introduced  re- 
cently. Greater  appeal  has  been  made  to 
what  is  best  in  the  girls  and  less  to  fear  of 
penalties  for  wrong-doing.  Greater  atten- 
tion is  given  to  relieve  the  monotony,  al- 
most inseparable  from  institution  life. 
Washing  is  no  longer  "taken  in"  for  the 
benefit  of  running  expenses.  As  much  free- 
dom is  given  the  girls  as  is  possible.  The 
work  of  the  whole  house  is  concentered 
and  co-ordinated  in  the  hands  of  the  Sis- 
ter-in-charge. 

The  county  pays  one  hundred  ten  dol- 
lars a  jear  for  those  committed  by  the 
Courts.  Of  the  others,  some  pay  ten  dol- 
lars a  month,  or  as  low  as  twenty-five  dol- 
lars a  year.    Many  pay  nothing. 


^0 

0 

i 

^ 

-: 

z 

3 

>. 

5  ■^ 

c 

Ch 

"P. 

-£ 

3 

% 

u 

0 

0 

'7. 

u: 

•Z'^ 

1900 

$2,040 

oo|$6,3i2 

00 

$4,103 

00 

$3,718  00, 

1901 

3.471 

49 

6.355 

05 

3,975 

17 

6.777  30. 

1902 

3.053 

80 

6,026 

55 

2,682 

44 

6,982  46. 

1903 

2,960 

64 

3.783 

Z1 

16 

39 

7.768  74 

1904 

2.653 

67 

2.850 

62 

42 

58 

7.997  49I 

1905 

3.279 

23 

6,096 

78 

325 

00 

7.791  24. 

130 


V 

4.3 

^  -^ 

ra-i 

u  u 

$187 

78 

186 

22 

242 

2.1 

253 

30 

199 

38 

176 

43 

1900 
1900 
1902 

1903 
1904 
■  905 


>19.342  14 
19,740  6 
21.074  74 
16,215  38 
12,750  02 
14. "4  45 


103 
106 
87 
64 
64 
80 


The  Midnight  Mission,  begun  in  1867, 
for  fifteen  years  maintained  a  Home  at  260 
Greene  Street,  which  was  practically  lit- 
tle more  than  a  temporary  sheliter  for 
women  who  had  no  intention  of  real  re- 
form. The  Sisters  of  St.  John  Baptist  took 
charge  in  1882  and  five  years  later  opened 
St.  Michael's  Home  at  Mamaroneck.  To 
the  original  building  a  Chapel  with  a  Re- 
fectory beneath  it  was  added  and  in  1901 
a  fire  proof  building  for  a  thoroughly  mod- 
ern laundry  and  comfortable  dormitories. 

The  city  house  was  discontinued  in  1896. 
At  present  the  Midnight  Mission  has  its 
city  office,  and  its  representative,  who  re- 
ceives applications  and  takes  the  applicants 
to  Mamaroneck.  Only  girls  from  fourteen 
to  twenty  years  of  age  are  received.  They 
come  of  their  own  will  or  through  persua- 
sion and  are  not  under  restraint.  The  work 
of  reforming  older  and  more  hardened 
cases,  for  which  the  Midnight  Mission  was 
started,    is    not   attempted.      Such    work    is 


131 


felt  to  be  practically  hopeless.  There  is 
not  enough  character  left  to  build  on.  The 
younger  girls,  often  with  weak  will  power, 
living  amidst  bad  surroundings  with  in- 
sufficient education,  have  a  difficult  situa- 
tion to  face.  They  can  be  helped  by  being 
started  right,  and  when  right  habits  have 
been  formed,  they  can  be  encouraged  to 
continue   in   well-doing. 

St.  Michael's  Home  is  not  a  prison.  It 
ought  hardly  to  be  called  a  Reformatory. 
Its  aim  is  to  provide  a  healthful  environ- 
ment and  a  helpful  education.  The  girls 
are  divided  into  two  classes.  When 
they  first  enter  the  house  they  wear  a 
brown  habit.  After  eight  months,  if  they 
have  done  well,  they  are  advanced  and  put 
on  a  blue  dress.  Promotion  is  made  a  dis- 
tinct event  in  the  life  of  the  house  and  is 
based  upon  a  system  of  marking,  ten  marks 
being  the  maximum  for  a  day.  At  the 
end  of  the  year  prizes  are  given  to  honor 
girls.  All  are  expected  to  stay  at  least 
two  years.  When  ready  to  leave,  a  Sei-- 
vice  of  Benediction,  made  as  impressive  as 
possible,  sends  them  back  to  the  world  with 
renewed  confidence.  About  two-thirds  of 
them  do  well  after  leaving. 

The  training  given  is  chiefly  physical  and 
spiritual.  The  laundry,  not  a  place  of 
drudgery,  but  ofifering  an  opportunity  for 
healthy  work  and  an  education  in  the  do- 

132 


ing  of  that  work,  is  the  chief  occupation. 
Two  workrooms  provide  instruction  in 
sewing.  In  one  ordinary  stitches  are 
taught  and  clothing  made;  in  the  other 
fine  needle  work  and  embroidery  are  taken 
up.  The  girls  are  read  to  as  they  sew. 
Each  girl  has  her  own  garden  and  consid- 
erable time  is  spent  out  of  doors.  They 
are  thus  taught  to  do  things  they  need  to 
know  and  to  be  interested  in  them  as  well. 
Beside  their  regular  work,  during  recrea- 
tion time  they  learn  to  work  for  others, 
and  each  year  a  good  stock  of  useful  clothing 
is  sent  to  poor  families  at  the  Sisters'  Mis- 
sion of  the  Holy  Cross,  Avenue  C  and 
Fourth  Street. 

Every  effort  is  made  to  exert  an  individ- 
ual influence  upon  the  girls.  Seven  Sis- 
ters and  two  other  resident  workers  make 
it  possible  for  some  of  them  to  get  to  know 
all  of  the  girls  individually.  This  friend- 
ship counts  for  much.  The  chapel  is 
made  the  center  of  this  work  and  the  girls 
are  led  on,  if  possible,  to  become  regular 
communicants  of  the  Church. 

A  night  school  is  held  during  the  winter 
where  the  girls  are  taught  some  of  the  ele- 
mentary branches  which  they  have  neglect- 
ed or  have  not  had  opportunity  to  master 
at  school. 

During  the  seventeen  years  that  the 
Home  has  been  in  operation  to  October  ist, 

133 


igo4,  six  hundred  sixty-six  girls  have  been 
received  and  given  some  training. 

An  earnest  effort  is  made  to  keep  track 
of  the  graduates  of  the  Home,  but  it  is  not 
hard  for  the  girls  to  drop  out  of  sight 
when  they  so  desire.  A  certain  percentage 
do  so,  and  it  is  always  regarded  as  an  in- 
dication that  they  are  not  doing  well.  This 
fortunately  is  not  necessarily  the  case, 
though  it  is  not  to  be  hoped  that  all  can 
be  permanently  kept  in  the  path  they  have 
been  trained  to.  Beside  their  letters,  the 
visits  to  the  Home  by  the  graduates  at  the 
familiar  Church  festivals,  is  an  encourag- 
ing  sign. 

There  is  an  association  of  twenty-one  la- 
dies interested  in  St.  Michael's,  who  help 
to  raise  funds  and  to  supply  work  for  the 
girls  to  do.  Much  of  this  work  is  dis- 
posed of  at  an  annual  sale. 

I  1905  I  1904  I  1903  I  1902 


Subscriptions     

Board    Paid     

Earned    by    Work    .... 

Income  from  Endow- 
ment       

For  maintenance  per 
individual      

Total    for    maintenance 

Average     number     .... 


52,655 

597 

1,914 


155 
7,748 


$2,198 

291 

2,509 

2,502 
164 


$2,124 

336 

2,045 

3,132 

168 
7,560 


$2,374 

259 

1,923 


236 
8,728 
3,7 


The  Shelter  for  Respectable  Girls  was 
begun  in  1871  as  one  of  the  activities  of 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Communion.  Its 
object  is  to  do  preventive  work  among  girls 
who  through  untoward  circumstances  or 
their  own  foolishness  have  gotten  into  dan- 

134 


gerons  positions.  The  door  stands  open  to 
strangers  and  to  girls  who  are  out  of  work 
or  without  friends.  They  are  not  expected 
to  stay  more  than  two  or  three  weeks,  and 
often  a  few  hours  is  sufficient  to  tide  them 
over  a  crisis.  Reasonable  board  is  asked 
of  those  who  can  pay. 

The  present  site  was  purchased  in  1904 
at  a  cost  of  over  $16,000.  There  is  a 
mortgage   of   $7oOO. 

Figures  for  the  work  at  the  Shelter  for 
five  years  are  as  follows : 


1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 


x 


608 

866 
705 
509 
.S6i 


V.\^ 


386 
583 
421 
155 
'47 


7.361 
8,343 
6.621 
5,928 
.330 


c  2 


5.437 
5.289 
5.794 
4.334 
1.908 


The  income  was  derived  as  follows 


'.nard.  Donations. 


"Tz      BaF. 

X2     Def. 

Bal. 


1900 I$i,40i    69|$6,365   »9  $ 

1901 1-554   25     5-594   82 

,002 1.648  82     6,924  80  6    17 

1^03      2,086  52     5,274  83     1.414  71     Ba- 

looi I    2.. .8   77l    5.222   55l ■    -4     Pef. 

St.  Barnabas  House  supplies  a  temporary 
refuge  for  homeless  women  and  children. 
It  can  not  be  called  a  reformatory  although 
it  mini.sters  to  those  recently  discharged 
from  the  work  house  and  others  on  the 
borderland  of  delinquency  and  degeneracy. 
The  work  among  the  children  is  similar  to 
that  at  Grace  Hospital  and  the  Sheltering 


135 


Arms.  Two  thousand  women  and  children 
are  received  in  the  course  of  the  year. 
They  do.  not  make  lengthy  visits,  but  all 
is  done  to  help  and  encourage  them  while 
they  are  under  the  care  of  the  residents. 


136 


Chapter   III. 

Critique. 

Pliilanthropic  institutions  in  New  York 
arg  recent  because  so  largely  the  result  of 
changes  which  have  come  over  the  thought 
and  life  of  modern  Christendom  within  a 
hundred  years.  The  conception  of  life  as 
an  organism  and  the  idea  of  evolution  have 
so  affected  modern  thought,  that  the  older 
statements  of  science,  philosophy  and  the- 
ology have  had  to  be  recast.  Theology  had 
already  ceased  to  be  regarded  as  the  Queen 
of  Sciences  before  the  dawn  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century.  Yet  among  the  significant 
changes  since  then  may  be  included  the 
newer  attitude  of  philosophy  toward  the 
fundamental  tenets  of  religion.  Prophe- 
cies of  the  extinction  of  religion  or  of  the 
Christian  religion  are  not  as  confidently 
heard  as  they  were  a  hundred  years  ago. 
A  chapter  of  recent  philosophic  history  re- 
counts the  absorption  of  some  ideas  which 
trace  their  origin  to  the  evangelical  move- 
ment of  John  Wesley.  A  decadent  Cal- 
vinism had  enabled  a  triumphant  Deism  to 
remove  the  thought  of  God  beyond  the 
bounds  of  human  interest.  The  nineteenth 
century  has  seen  the  thought  of  God  en- 
throned in  its  vital  contact  with  human 
life. 

Wesley,    like    his    contemporary    pliiloso- 

137 


phers,  was  an  individualist.  He  addressed 
his  message  to  individuals,  urging  the  ne- 
cessity of  individual  salvation,  as  the  great 
work  of  life.  He  preached  this  everywhere, 
but  as  the  sphere  of  his  operations  widened 
and  he  came  to  deal  with  men  in  great 
numbers  questions  of  the  social  welfare 
were  forced  upon  his  attention.  The  re- 
cent social  movement  owes  much  of  its 
initial  energy  to  him.  All  questions  of 
individual  welfare,  religious,  economic,  po- 
litical, when  studied  broadly,  resolve  them- 
selves into  social  questionss.  Belief  in  the 
importance  of  the  individual  as  taught  by 
Wesley,  Burns,  Rousseau,  and  Adam  Smith 
makes  every  individual  important.  The 
logic  of  the  situation  is  irresistable.  Again 
the  old  dogma  of  the  Divine  Fatherhood 
implies  human  brotherhood.  The  familiar 
battle  cry  of  Liberty,  Equality  and  Fra- 
ternity suggests  the  same  transition.  The 
idea  of  liberty  is  individual  enough ;  but  its 
realization  demands  equality,  and  this  in 
turn  depends  upon  a  recognition  of  fratern- 
itj'.  The  reaction  from  the  extreme  position 
which  generations  of  thinking  had  reached 
in  1789,  has  caused  the  individual  ideals  of 
the  eighteenth  century  to  be  superseded  by 
the  social  ideals  of  the  twentieth. 

So  has  the  thought  of  humanity  and  the 
need  of  humanity  taken  the  place  of  the 
thought  of  self  and  personal   safety.   Over 

138 


against  the  gross  materialism  of  those 
whose  one  aim  in  life  is  to  amass  the 
largest  possible  fortune  and  the  grosser 
envy  of  those  whose  chief  grievance  is  that 
they  have  not  had  the  opportunity  to  do 
the  same  thing,  there  is  the  yearning  inter- 
est in,  and  sympathy  for,  those  who  have 
not  had  the  opportunity  of  obtaining  the 
things  of  inlinitely  greater  importance. 

But  not  only  is  the  isolation  of  social 
distress  impossible,  its  palliation  is  waste- 
ful. The  disease  it.self  rather  than  its 
symptoms  must  be  dealt  with.  Philan- 
thropy is  a  serious  thing  and  requires  coun- 
sel, time  and  patience,  not  alms  alone.  The 
industrial  condition  of  the  mass  of  the  pop- 
ulation requires  consideration.  The  need 
of  a  living  wage,  a  sanitary  environment, 
the  removal  of  unnecessary  temptation 
even  for  the  benefit  of  those  unable  or  un- 
willing to  look  out  for  themselves  are  ob- 
jects of  the  newer  benevolence.  Enthusi- 
asm is  not  easily  aroused  over  such  abstract 
matters  as  social  conditions,  yet  such  effort 
alone  can  remove  the  cause  of  distress. 

Dean  Hodges  has  well  said  that  every 
man's  great  need  was  a  chance  and  a  friend. 
Without  the  opportunity  to  earn  a  living, 
to  procure  all  of  the  necessaries  and 
some  of  the  comforts  of  life,  and  to 
properly  educate  one's  children, — a  man 
is   poor   whatever   his  income.    The  chance 

139 


to  obtain  this  is  part  of  the  poor  man's 
demand  for  justice.  Our  present  poor 
laws  guarantee  to  every  one  the  means 
for  subsistence.  No  one  need  starve. 
Will  it  be  possible  for  the  state  to  guar- 
antee to  every  one  the  means  for  earning 
a  subsistence?  The  larger  scale  and  im- 
proved methods  of  modern  business  prom- 
ise some  degree  of  business  stability  in 
this  very  unstable  world.  It  is  not  too 
much  for  even  the  unskilled  worker  to 
ask  for  some  degree  of  certainty  regarding 
an  opportunity  to  earn  a  living,  some  pro- 
vision for  old  age  and  just  compensation 
in  case  of  accident.  The  consciousness  of 
their  comparative  certainty  would  exert  a 
strong  moral  influence,  injecting  a  new  ele- 
ment of  hope  into  the  social  organism  and 
making  men  more  willing  to  work  and  to 
work  well.  With  practically  all  who  are 
willing  to  do  their  best  provided  for,  ques- 
tions of  relief  would  be  confined  to  the  so- 
called  unfit  and  undeserving.  With  the  op- 
portunity for  a  normal  life  within  the 
reach  of  all  classes,  wretchedness  would 
become  a  sign  of  mental  or  moral  delin- 
quency and  could  be  dealt  with  accordingly. 
If  the  spirit  of  socialism  is  to  spread,  here 
is  a  field  where  it  would  be  likely  to  prove 
helpful.  Tammany  Hall's  experiment  at 
supplying  work  to  a  large  number  of  ap- 
parently inefficient  men,  though  perhaps 
140 


crude,  shows  some  of  the  difficulties  in  the 
case. 

The  relation  of  Christianity  to  the  un- 
fit has  long  been  a  problem  or  a  stumbling 
block ;  the  Church  has  been  accused  of  fos- 
tering that  which  nature  declares  ought 
not  to  survive.  Formerlj'  this  was  even 
defended  on  the  ground  of  the  beneficial 
influence  of  such  charity  upon  the  character 
of  him  who  showed  mercy.  This  has 
doubtless  been  so;  but  today  we  feel  that 
mercy  is  due  even  the  unfit.  There  is  no 
wish  to  cultivate  unfitness,  but  to  redeem 
it.  Complex  human  nature  has  always 
some  redeemable  side.  Diseased  bodies 
often  house  useful  personalities.  The  pos- 
sibilities of  the  morally  unfit  are  always 
indeterminate.  Evidence  of  entire  hope- 
lessness is  inconclusive,  for  while  "there 
is  life  there  is  hope."'  This  furnishes 
ground  for  that  optimism  wliich  alone  can 
accomplish  anything  for  the  unfit.  The 
Church  obstinately  contends  that  the  aim 
of  true  philanthropy  is  not  to  judge  the 
world,  but  to  save  the  world,  '"not  to  des- 
troy men's  lives,  but  to  save  them." 

As  long  as  life  is  capable  of  happiness 
the  effort  to  foster  that  happiness  is  worth 
while.  An  honest  democracy  teaches  that 
the  happiness  of  even  the  unfit  is  as  really 
important  as  the  happiness  of  the  "true 
elite."      One    aim    of    philanthropy    should 

141 


be  to  achieve  this  without  interfering  with 
the  welfare  of  the  rest  of  the  community. 

The  argument  against  making  the  spir- 
itual needs  of  the  people  the  only  or  even 
the  most  obvious  concern  of  Church  work 
is  that  these  are  not  recognized  as  vital  by 
the  unreflective  members  of  the  community. 
The  principle  of  the  Anglican  Church  has 
always  been  that  her  service  should  be  con- 
ducted in  a  language  "understanded  of  the 
people,"  and  either  a  conscious  or  instinc- 
tive wish  for  the  up-building  of  life  in  its 
entirety  has  led  the  Church  in  all  ages  to 
enter  the  field  of  benevolence.  This  kind 
of  service  is  one  whose  meaning  is  "under- 
standed" of  all. 

Historically  and  logically,  the  first  effort 
of  the  Church  in  the  field  of  benevolence 
has  been  in  the  direction  of  the  relief  of 
the  unfortunate ;  because  the  need  of  effort 
in  this  direction  is  most  evident. 

In  considering  the  practical  side  of  insti- 
tution work,  problems  connected  with  the 
cost  are  always  to  the  forefront.  Some 
analysis  of  these  figures  has  been  given. 
The  following  table  is  of  some  interest  for 
comparative  purposes.  The  figures  are  for 
the  most  part  for  the  year  1904. 


142 


P5- 


o  O'-t: 


St.    Luke's    .... 

St.    Mary's    

St.     Andrew's 

Incurables      |    i 

Holy    Comforter 
Annunciation 
House    of    Rest    . 
Destitute     Blind 

Gallaudet      

S.     Luke's     

Old    Men     

St.  Philip's  .  .  . 
Orphan's  Home 
Shelter  Arms  .  . 
St.  Johnland  .  .  . 
House  of  Mercy 
St.  Micnael's  .  . 
Shelter      


$1   981 


89 
64 

io| 
60 
36 
80 

44 1 
66| 
80 


50 
45 

19 

25 

75 
57 
73 
49 
62 
2 
93 
70 
28 
29 
33 


o  o 


Yes 
No 
No 
Yes? 

No 

No 

Yes 

No 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 

No 


Eg 

X  0 


$2,279,605 

800,000 

225,000 

150,000 

150,000 

90,000 

90,000 

400,000 

120,000 

11,500 

200,000 

100,000 

16,000 


The  variation  in  these  figures  for  daily 
cost  at  first  sight,  seems  great.  Some  are 
easily  accounted  for.  St.  Luke's  Hospital, 
the  Home  for  Incurables  and  the  House  of 
Rest  are  more  expensive  than  some  other 
institutions  because  of  the  great  cost  of 
efficient  hospital  care.  The  Gallaudet  Home 
is  50  per  cent  more  expensive  than  the 
Home  for  the  Blind  because  it  has  so  few 
beneficiaries  at  present,  while  the  latter  is 
always  full.  Donations  in  kind  have  kept  ex- 
penses down  at  the  House  of  the  Annunci- 
ation and  at  St.  Philip's.  The  inconveni- 
ence of  the  plant  at  the  House  of  Mercy 
has  been  referred  to,  yet  the  cost  there 
appears  to  be  within  the  figure  at  the  Bed- 


143 


ford     Reformatory,     which     is    the    model 
state  institution. 

The  question  of  the  need  of  endowments 
for  philanthropic,  moral  and  religious  work 
is  being  very  widely  felt,  and  being  very 
widely  met.  It  would  hardly  seem  neces- 
sary to  many  workers,  to  discuss  the  ques- 
tion of  the  danger  of  large  invested  funds 
in  the  hands  of  trustees  of  any  of  these 
branches  of  the  work,  and  yet  conditions 
in  this  country  are  not  so  different  from 
those  elsev/here.  The  danger  here  already  is 
seen  to  be,  and  the  result  always  is,  a  de- 
crease in  the  efficiency  of  the  management 
of  the  work.  The  leaders  of  work  of  this 
kind  are  like  other  workers.  If  relieved 
from  the  spur  of  necessity,  the  quality  of 
the  work  will  be  in  danger.  The  security 
resulting  from  endowment  is  bound  to 
bring  a  consciousness  of  irresponsibility.  It 
is  therefore  important  that  in  the  choice 
of  trustees  and  managers,  persons  be  se- 
lected who  appreciate  the  feeling  of  respon- 
sibility in  themselves  and  so  will  demand 
it  of  those  whom  they  themselves  will  con- 
trol. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  is  true  that  there 
are  many  kinds  of  work  which  can  not  be 
done  Vifithout  a  degree  of  security  which 
alone  can  give  stability  to  the  effort  that  is 
being  made.  If  the  Presidents  of  our  Uni- 
versities and  the  Rectors  of  our  Churches 

144 
(9) 


were  to  degenerate  into  linancial  agents  for 
the  collecting  of  funds,  it  would  be  easy 
for  thcni  to  be  nothing  else  than  such 
agents.  This  would  mean  leaving  the  work 
without  an  administrative  head.  Mr.  Bur- 
dett,  the  Knglish  authority  referred  to  else- 
where, has  suggested  that  invested  funds 
may  wisely  equal  five  times  the  annual  ex- 
penditui^e  of  an  institution.  Experience 
would  seem  to  show,  especially  in  view  of 
the  decreasing  interest  obtainable  from  in- 
vested funds,  that  this  amount  is  really 
very  small.  An  endowment  which  shall 
yield  one-half  the  annual  expenses  would 
be  unlikeh'  to  greatly  injure  most  philan- 
thropic agencies. 

The  second  colunni  in  the  above  table 
shows  the  ratio  of  income  from  endowment 
to  the  whole  income.  Eight  or  nine  of  the 
eighteen  appear  to  have  reached  50  per 
cent.  It  is  obvious  that  it  would  be  well 
for  the  Home  for  Incurables  to  take  steps 
to  increase  its  endowment.  The  third  col- 
umn is  intended  to  show  which  institu- 
tions habitually  have  deficits  or  make  up 
running  expenses  from  legacies  which 
would  better  be  reserved  for  endowment  or 
permanent    improvements. 

The  question  is  asked,  How  can  the 
strain  of  raising  sufficient  funds  be  les- 
sened? A  study  of  tlic  institutions  ought 
to  suggest  at  least  a   partial   answer.     The 

145 


kind  of  work  done  and  the  efficiency  with 
which  it  is  carried  on  must  commend  them- 
selves to  the  thinking  public.  Constant 
vigilance  seems  to  be  required  to  keep  in- 
'Stitutions  in  touch  with  a  community's 
real  needs.  This  is  true  of  the  continuance 
as  well  as  of  the  initial  undertaking  of  any 
branch  of  work.  The  fads  of  donors  and 
the  theories  of  those  in  positions  of  influ- 
ence easily  prevent  needed  work  being 
properly  done.  Not  what  can  be  done,  but 
what  is  really  needed  should  govern  the 
plans  of  those  who  make  them.  A  real 
need  properly  presented  to  the  public  will 
not  be  allowed  to  go  unsatisfied. 

The  work  must  be  done  efficiently.  Oth- 
erwise it  ought  not  to  be  supported  by  the 
community.  This  requires  increase  in  the 
cost,  but  it  is  a  necessary  increase.  Too 
much  effort  has  been  wasted  in  trying  to 
do  a  quantity  of  work  without  proper  at- 
tention to  its  quality.  The  salarj'  of  effi- 
cient workers  ought  to  be  higher  than  that 
paid  inefficient  workers.  The  importance 
of  securing  the  aid  of  the  right  kind  of  peo- 
ple is  of  primary  importance  in  the  case  of 
matrons  and  superintendents.  It  is  also  im- 
portant in  the  selection  of  employees  and  of 
managers.  It  has  been  said  that  managers 
are  selected  because  of  their  wealth,  social 
prominence,  or  executive  ability.  Perhaps 
this  is  necessarily  so.    It  were  better  if  they 

146 


were  always  selected  because  of  their  dis- 
interested devotion  to  the  work.  Every 
effort  should  be  made  to  enlist  the  enthusi- 
asm of  the  managers  and  trustees.  An 
enthusiastic  Board  is  the  best  advertise- 
ment of  an  institution.  Legitimate  ad- 
vertising is  not  only  legitimate.  It  is  the 
only  wise  policy.  Publicity  is  not  only  a 
guarantee  of  honesty,  but  a  chief  means  of 
increasing  the  supporting  constituency. 

The  two  institutions  called  by  the  name 
of  St.  Luke,  while  always  in  need,  still  tes- 
tify to  the  fact  that  their  efficient  though 
expensive  work  has  met  with  recognition. 
They  have  set  up  a  good  standard  which 
may  well  be  emulated.  One  thing  is  quite 
certain;  the  cost  of  all  institutions  is  ris- 
ing and  their  future  is  not  as  bright  finan- 
cially as  it  might  be.  They  must  justify 
themselves  to  the  judgment  of  the  next 
generation  even  more  truly  than  they  have 
to  this.  The  public  will  rally  to  meet  the 
increasing  cost  of  efficient  work  if  assur- 
ance is  only  forthcoming  that  the  money 
will  be  wisely  spent.  The  two  demands 
upon  Twentieth  Century  Philanthropy  are 
that  it  be  intelligently  and  unselfishly  con- 
ducted. 

State  inspection  of  private  institutions 
and  corporations  is  a  great  safeguard  to 
beneficiary,  trustee,  employee  and  the  pub- 
lic.     It    is    increasingly    general    and    as    a 

147 


policy  should  be  extended.  Not  that  in- 
spectoi's  are  likely  to  know  more  than  ex- 
perienced workers  or  that  they  can  even 
understand  the  problems  which  have  to 
be  met,  but  the  criticism  and  the  necessity 
of  facing  criticism  of  varying  kinds  is  most 
helpful  to  men  in  positions  which  ought  to 
be  responsible. 

Perhaps  sufficient  has  been  said  upon  the 
subjects  of  dietaries.  This  is  a  matter  of 
special  importance  to  growing  children. 
Two  examples  may  be  given  of  what  is 
done  in  institutions  for  adults.  The  ordi- 
nary dietary  at  the  Home  for  the  Blind 
consists  of  cereal,  meat,  coffee,  and  bread 
and  butter  for  breakfast,  roast  or  fish  and 
two  vegetables  for  dinner ;  hash  or  beans  and 
cake  or  fruit  for  supper.  At  the  House  of 
Mercy,  where  the  Inspector  of  the  State 
Board  of  Charities  suggested  a  more  sub- 
stantial, if  coarser  fare,  they  have  cereal, 
coffee,  bread  and  butter  for  breakfast, 
meat  and  one  vegetable  for  dinner  and 
some  relish  as  cake  or  fruit  added  to  the 
plain  supper.  There  is  but  one  quality  of 
food  used  by  all  of  the  residents  of  the 
House,  and  the  aim  is  to  make  this  as  good 
as  practicable.  From  the  point  of  view  of 
expense  the  most  significant  item  in  the 
dietary  is  meat.  Some  institutions  have  a 
contract  with  dealers  by  which  various  cuts 
are  served  for  a  uniform  price,  12  cents  or 

148 


ii'-^  cents.  There  are  objections  to  so  rigid 
a  contract.  If  a  careful  watch  can  be  kept 
on  the  market  some  superintendents  feel 
that  better  satisfaction  can  be  had  by  com- 
paring the  prices  of  dealers  whenever  there 
is    a    fluctuation. 

Another  question  has  been  asked,  "Are 
so  many  institutions  really  needed?"  The 
question  of  the  over-lapping  of  effort  has 
perhaps  always  been  a  danger  difficult  to 
avoid.  It  may  seem  as  though  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  institutions  was  necessary 
to  provide  effectively  for  all  the  various 
kinds  of  need;  but  on  the  other  hand, 
more  institutions  should  not  exist  than  can 
be  maintained  at  a  fairly  high  degree  of 
efficiency.  It  may  therefore  have  been 
noted,  and  perhaps  with  satisfaction,  that 
the  policy  of  the  present  Bishop  of  New 
York,  regarding  the  combining  of  weak 
parishes  has  also  to  some  extent  been  ap- 
plied to  some  of  the  benevolent  institu- 
tions. A  few  good  ones  are  always  prefer- 
able to  many,  or  even  a  few  more,  main- 
tained with  less  efficiency. 

The  question  of  the  comparative  wisdom 
of  a  few  large  institutions  as  compared 
with  some  upon  a  smaller  scale  is  one  of 
some  difficulty.  The  more  centers  of  in- 
terest there  are,  the  more  individuals  are 
likely  to  have  their  interest  aroused.  Peo- 
ple feel  attracted  toward  institutions  which 

149 


have  special  claims  upon  them,  either  be- 
cause of  their  vicinity  or  because  of  some 
personal  reason  which  is  likely  to  be  lost 
in  the  case  of  combination.  A  little  group 
of  friends  who  have  given  their  best  ef- 
forts to  establish  a  work  dear  to  their 
hearts  do  not  continue  with  the  same  en- 
thusiasm and  can  not  feel  the  same  "con- 
sciousness of  kind"  when  they  find  them- 
selves a  small  minority  in  a  large  central 
board  of  managers.  Again,  the  careful 
classification  of  beneficiaries  and  the  segre- 
gation of  certain  classes  among  them  may 
often  be  for  their  benefit,  and  can  often 
be  better  accomplished  when  truly  by  them- 
selves, instead  of  being  made  a  department 
of  a  general  work. 

We  have  referred  to  the  wisdom  of 
drafting  off  some  of  the  more  sensitive 
and  self-respecting  of  the  aged  dependents 
from  the  public  institutions.  Not  only  is 
the  public  burden  lightened,  but  the  wel- 
fare of  the  beneficiaries  is  greatly  pro- 
moted. Reasonable  comforts  in  such  cases 
would  rightly  be  regarded  as  unjustifiable 
luxury  in  a  public  institution. 

Educational  efforts  among  the  helpless 
have  a  greater  chance  of  success  in  a  small 
institution  than  in  a  large  one.  Examples 
of  this  may  be  seen  perhaps  at  Grace  Hos- 
pital and  at  the  Home  for  the  Blind.  Op- 
portunities   for    moral    and    religious    in- 

150 


fluence,  of  course,  are  greater  in  institu- 
tions under  Church  influence.  Institutions 
for  children  are  being  made  to  conform  to 
the  standards  of  well-conducted  schools. 
The  plan  of  conducting  them  as  Homes 
with  the  idea  which  was  in  the  mind  of 
their  founders  that  they  should  be  rather 
a  place  of  retreat  has  practically  broken 
down.  The  question  of  conducting  these 
schools  in  the  city  or  in  the  country  is  not 
always  easy  to  solve.  The  advantage  of 
fresh  air  and  of  contact  with  nature  which 
country  life  oflfers  is  an  advantage ;  on  the 
other  hand,  the  separation  from  contact 
with  those  men  and  women  who  are  most 
vitally  interested  in  the  progress  of  the 
work  is  a  distinct  loss. 

What  can  be  said  of  the  future  Remedial 
Benevolence?  It  has  altered  and  is  chang- 
ing its  character.  Since  it  was  permitted 
"both  to  die  and  to  bear  children"  at 
Epidaurus  to  the  founding  of  St.  Barthol- 
omew's Hospital  in  London  "for  the  enter- 
tainment of  poor  diseased  persons  till  they 
get  well"  is  a  long  step.  Since  then  the 
scientific  and  professional  side  has  been 
greatly  developed.  Dr.  Muhlenberg  ex- 
pressed the  human  and  religious  side  at 
St.  Luke's.  While  the  scientific  side  of  the 
work  is  bound  to  continue  to  develop,  there 
is  reason  to  believe  that  the  human  side 
with   its   increased    interest   in  the   welfare 


of  tlie  individual  will  receive  increased  at- 
tion.     This     may     tend     to     the     multipli- 
cation   of    smaller    institutions.      The    con- 
nection    between     hospitals     and     medical 
schools     in     some     cases     has     been     un- 
pleasantly  close.     Refuges    for   the    depen- 
dent and  jails  have  been  in  too  suggestive 
proximity.     Why   might  not   they  both   be 
better  affiliated  with  the  settlement  as  we 
find  in  the  one  case  at  St.   Bartholomew's 
Clinic  and  in  the  other  at  Grace  Hospital? 
As  for  the  orphanage  and  the  reformatory 
it  has  already  been  pointed  out  that  they 
are    rapidly    assuming     the     character     of 
schools.     It  is  not  too  much  to  say  there- 
fore that  there  is  reason  to  feel  that  the 
trend    of    modern    philanthropy    is    setting 
away  from  Remedial  work  as  such,  and  in 
the  direction  of  Constructive  and  Recrea- 
tive effort.     The   disabled  and  the  orphan 
will  still  need  to  be  cared  for,  but  a  better 
spirit  will  characterize  the  care.     The  mis- 
fortune will  not  be  accentuated  by  remedial 
methods.      Rather       will      the      care      and 
the     methods      recognized      as       necessary 
in      dealing      with      normal      persons,      be 
widened   to   include   those   who   heretofore 
have  been  made  to  feel  themselves  almost 
social  outcasts  or  at  least  objects  of  curios- 
ity.    With  the  broadening  of  human  sym- 
pathy is  coming  a  great  moral  lift  in  phil- 
anthropic  methods.     Cold   science   or   cold 


152 


justice  is  to  be  piiperseded  by  tbat  real 
sympathy  which  is  more  remedial  than 
any  other  agency  on  earth. 

The  Church  has  always  recognized  the 
iniportancc  of  what  has  been  called  con- 
structive effort,  to  which  her  moral  influ- 
ence has  always  been  related.  She  has  led 
the  way  of  progress  in  both  literary  and 
industrial  education.  Her  temptation  today 
in  this  direction  is  to  duplicate  what  is 
already  being  done  and  well  done  by  the 
community  at  large. 

With  the  wiser  adjustment  of  insurance 
and  pension  methods  to  be  hoped  for.  and 
with  the  wide  recognition  of  the  impor- 
tance of  education,  the  Church  of  the  fu- 
ture may  find  an  easier,  more  legitimate, 
less  expensive  direction  for  effort,  which  in 
the  long  run  may  be  found  to  be  of  greater 
value  than  relief  or  educational  work.  This 
work  is  in  the  almost  limitless  realm  of 
play. 

No  department  of  American  life  needs 
more  development,  more  guidance,  or  has 
greater  opportunities  than  that  to  be  found 
in  the  realm  of  recreation.  "Our  busy 
Americans  feel  that  life  would  be  bearable 
were  it  not  for  its  leisures ;"  yet  the  ten- 
dency to  increase  our  leisure  hours  is 
apparent.  Not  only  have  the  hours  of 
daily  work  been  shortened,  and  the  number 

153 


of  public  holidays  increased,  but  in  many 
trades  the  workers  are  compelled  to  be  idle 
many  weeks  in  the  year.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  past  few  years  have  seen  much 
interest  aroused  in  recreative  needs.  The 
game  of  golf  has  brought  new  life  to  many 
a  weary  body  and  we  may  hope  that  its  in- 
fluence upon  the  minds  and  morals  has 
been  likewise  beneficent.  Mr.  Jacob  Riis, 
the  apostle  of  Recreative  Philanthropy,  has 
demonstrated  how  many  opportunities  the 
city  was  able  to  give  and  owed  to  the  chil- 
dren. 

The  aim  of  Recreative  Philanthropy 
should  be  so  to  guide  the  leisure  of  people, 
that  they  might  return  to  work,  not  only 
rested,  but  more  alert,  and  more  interested. 

One  man's  contribution  to  any  product 
of  modern  manufacture  is  superficially  so 
meaningless  and  insignificant  that  it  is 
hard  for  him  to  feel  real  interest  in  it.  Its 
monotony  and  mechanical  character  tends 
to  dwarf  his  personality  and  so  permanent- 
ly limit  his  efficiencj^  Recreation  must  pro- 
vide something  more  than  diversion.  It  is 
usually  the  soul's  great  opportunity  for 
expansion.  New  channels  of  activity  and 
enjoyment  are  opened  up.  As  life  broadens, 
so  it  may  be  expected  to  deepen.  As  it 
becomes  more  interesting,  it  is  found  to 
be  more  signifiaent.  The  widening  of  the 
horizon   gives   an   opportunity   for   perspec- 

154 


tive,  and  as  people  begin  to  see  the  reasons 
for  things,  and  understand  the  relations 
of  life,  their  personality  assumes  greater  in- 
dependence and  strength.  As  a  man's  daily 
work  comes  to  have  a  meaning,  over  and 
above  its  being  a  means  of  subsistence,  the 
value  of  the  man's  work  is  more  than 
doubled.  He  will  aim  to  bring  all  he  can 
to  it  instead  of  getting  only  what  he  can 
from  it.  Work  furnishes  the  means  to 
live.  Leisure  is  man's  opportunity  for  cul- 
ture. We  are  what  culture  makes  of  us 
more  than  what  our  work  makes  of  us.  It 
has  been  said  that  "man  is  worth  not  what 
his  work  is  worth,  but  what  his  leisure  is 
worth."   (i). 

Leisure  and  its  wise  use  is  essential  to 
health.  It  is  also  the  first  condition  of 
progress.  Improvement,  invention,  discov- 
ery, etc.,  are  made  possible  through  suffic- 
ient leisure  and  freedom  from  the  grinding 
necessity  of  constant  work.  Every  man 
needs  time  to  think  and  to  think  collected- 
ly. A  people  on  the  brink  of  nervous  pros- 
tration are  unable  to  do  this,  and  learning 
so  to  think,  is  one  of  the  best  preventives 
of  nervous  breakdown. 

The  opportunity  for  economic,  cultural 
and  moral  improvement  through  effort  in 
this  direction  can  hardly  be  estimated.  Al- 
ready the  Parish  Houses  and  Social  Settle- 

(i)  "Socialism  and  Labor"  by  Rt.  Rev.  T.  L. 
Spalding,  page  175. 


merits  have  passed  beyond  the  experimental 
stage  in  their  work  of  redemption  of  the 
leisure  of  the  people,  and  the  supplying  of 
a  recreation  which  shall  be  more  than  a 
redemption  of  time,  and  shall  be  of  positive 
use  in  the  augumenting  of  the  efficiency 
of  the  individual. 

New  opportunities  and  increased  possi- 
bilities of  enjoyment  have  been  truly 
created  by  these  agencies  for  the  vast  num- 
bers of  the  unprivileged.  Recreative  phil- 
anthropy has  contributed  very  considerably 
to  the  establishing  of  a  social  cohesion  in 
neighborhoods  and  of  true  centers  of  en- 
lightenment. People  are  taught  how  to 
work  together,  for  the  work  in  which  their 
interest  is  aroused  is  more  social  than  it 
is  individual ;  from  the  kindergarten  to  the 
mothers'  meeting  the  members  learn  the 
significance  and  the  importance  of  what 
may  be  called  for  the  lack  of  a  better  term 
'"team"   work. 

The  comparative  claims  of  the  secular 
and  religious  settlement  have  been  urged 
with  the  usual  conclusion  that  both  have 
their  places.  The  argument  against  the 
religious  settlement  is  that  it  cannot  appeal 
to  all  the  people  of  the  community,  and 
that  its  general  adoption  would  draw  away 
the  energies  of  the  church  from  spiritual 
work.  The  time  will  never  come  when 
every  Church  organization  will   be  able  to 

iq6 


conduct  work  on  any  considerable  scale, 
but  the  time  has  already  come  when  the 
sharpness  of  theological  distinctions  which 
divide  people  are  passing  away.  It  is  al- 
most if  not  quite  true  that  people  of  our 
east  side  know  but  "tliree  religions,"'  the 
Roman  Catholic,  the  so-called  Evangelical 
and  the  Hebrew.  So  great  a  reduction  of 
the  number  of  conflicting  voices  is  a  sig- 
nificant fact  in  practical  church  work.  It 
also  makes  much  more  nearly  possible  the 
restoration  of  the  old  parish  idea  of  a 
neighborhood  ministered  to  from  a  single 
ecclesiastical  center.  In  the  great  un- 
churched districts,  already  the  Clnirclies 
which  have  undertaken  work  on  settle- 
ment or  institutional  lines  have  found  that 
they  can  minister  to  the  neighborhood  with- 
out theological  prejudice  playing  the  part 
which  it  formerly  did. 

The  main  objection  to  the  secular  settle- 
ment is  its  elimination  of  religion.  This 
objection  is  already  strongly  felt  with  re- 
gard to  the  puljlic  schools.  Religion  has 
been  called  the  poor  man's  only  romance. 
In  endeavoring  to  supply  him  with  new 
interests,  it  is  well  to  be  careful  how  the 
old  are  superseded ;  and  this  same  warning 
applies  to  the  work  of  those  great  institu- 
tions nominally  ecclesiastical,  which  have 
magnified  the  social  side  of  their  work  so 
as  to  eclipse  the  religious  side. 

157 


Industrial  work  is  sometimes  undertaken 
whose  influence  is  in  no  way  related  to  the 
Church's  main  object.  Is  such  work  of 
value,  or  should  all  side  issues  be  com- 
pelled to  assist  the  main  result  which  is 
aimed  at?  This  question  of  unity  of 
work  and  its  importance,  as  against  re- 
garding any  good  work  as  being  its  own 
justification,  needs  to  be  weighed;  either 
extreme  will  probably  lead  to  unwisdom. 
Proportion  and  unity  are  essential  to  suc- 
cess. Neither  dissipation  of  energy  nor  the 
insistence  of  only  employing  agencies  which 
will  visibly  fall  into  line  with  the  personal 
wishes  of  the  leader  can  produce  the  best 
results. 

A  question  of  some  interest  connected 
with  these  clubs  is  their  influence  upon  the 
home.  Is  there  danger  of  their  becoming 
rivals  of  the  home?  The  fact  that  an  in- 
creasing number  of  men  and  women  are 
without  homes  and  that  the  crowded  and 
unsanitary  conditions  of  many  so-called 
homes,  makes  the  saloon  or  any  social  cen- 
ter a  welcome  retreat  therefrom,  does  not 
affect  the  principle  that  any  influence  which 
tends  to  undermine  the  home  and  the 
family  is  dangerous.  The  family  is  the 
moral  unit  of  society,  and  so  many  disin- 
tegrating influences  tending  to  weaken  it 
make  the  need  of  strengthening  it  more 
important.     The   family   life   is   waning   in 

158 


America,  and  in  some  communities  it  is 
said  hardly  to  exist.  It  is  difficult  to  see 
how  such  conditions  can  fail  to  endanger 
the  moral  welfare  of  the  community.  The 
influence  of  many  otherwise  heneficent 
institutions,  even  sometimes  including  the 
Church,  is  to  weaken  the  family  tie  by 
offering  too  divergent  interests  to  the  mem- 
bers. 

A  vital  problem  is  to  learn  how  to  man- 
age the  club  so  as  to  enlist  the  interest  of 
the  whole  family.  If  the  members  of  the 
family  cannot  learn  to  live  together  in 
goodwill  where  circumstances  make  it  com- 
paratively easy  and  necessary  that  they 
should,  the  prospect  of  doing  so  in  the 
more  artificial  conditions  of  the  outer  world 
are  not  favorable.  The  possibilities  of 
mutual  helpfulness  within  the  family  need 
to  be   reiterated  and  emphasized. 

A  question  of  some  interest  is  as  to  the 
sort  of  place  where  it  is  wise  to  conduct 
work  among  those  whose  surroundings 
have  heretofore  been  of  the  crude>t.  Too 
great  disregard  of  this  question  has  inter- 
ferred  with  success.  Of  course,  people  of 
culture  ought  hardly  to  be  asked  to  work 
amidst  unsanitary  conditions,  and,  unless 
necessary,  ought  not  to  be  kept  too  constant- 
ly in  surroundings  whose  moral  and  esthet- 
ic infiuence  is  too  deadening.    It  may  be  re- 

159 


membered  that  this  complaint  was  the  chief 
objection  of  Edward  Denison  in  his  great 
work  in  Stepney.  It  is  well  known  on  the 
other  hand  that  sumptuous  surroundings 
are  distinctly  artificial  to  boys  who  have 
not  yet  emerged  from  hoodlumism. 

Being  poor  does  not  prevent  appreciation 
of  beauty,  but  too  sudden  change  from  one 
set  of  conditions  to  another  cannot  satis- 
factorily be  made.  The  effort  to  lift  any 
group  of  individuals  should  be  gradual,  be- 
ginning on  a  level  where  the  members  of 
the  group  will  feel  at  home.  It  is  far  better 
to  have  the  first  improving  influence  come 
from  the  person  of  the  leader  rather  than 
from  the  physical  environment.  If  this  in- 
fluence be  real  and  in  the  right  direction, 
the  demand  for  the  other  will  make  itself 
felt,  and  it  might  almost  be  said  that  until 
demanded,  the  physical  environment  should 
hardly  be  allowed  to  assume  the  role  of 
the  pearls  which  may  so  easily  and  thought- 
lessly be  cast  before  the  innocent  swine. 

There  is  no  reason  why  life  in  the  home, 
in  the  club  and  in  the  workshop  should  not 
be  endowed  with  a  halo  of  interest  which 
shall  relieve  altogether  the  monotony  and 
anxiety  which  is  too  prevalent.  Smiles  are 
at  a  premium  in  the  life  of  the  modern 
metropolis.  When  the  toilers  can  be  made 
to  see  how  much  enjoyment  is  within  their 
grasp   this   will    not   be   so.      The   effort   to 

1 60 
(10) 


truly  beautify  the  modern  city,  to  bring  the 
best  art  within  the  reach  of  every  one,  has 
a  distinct  influence  upon  the  general  wel- 
fare. Make  the  habitual  environment  of 
the  people  artistically  helpful  instead  of 
degrading,  and  the  curve  of  happiness  will 
rapidly  rise.  The  economic  and  ethical  in- 
fluence of  the  ministry  of  beauty  is  not  a 
negligible  quantity  in  modern  culture.  The 
Church  building  has  stood  for  such  influ- 
ence in  the  modern  town.  Especially  has 
this  been  true  since  the  Gothic  Revival. 
The  Erection  of  Grace  Memorial  House  in 
1880,  and  of  the  other  buildings  of  this 
Parish  since  tliat  time  has  shown  how  beau- 
tiful useful  buildings  may  be  made.  St. 
George's  Home  for  Deaconesses  in  Six- 
teenth Street  and  tlie  Church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity  in  Eighty-eighth  Street  exert  a 
beneficent  influence  upon  those  who  never 
enter  their  doors. 

As  the  age  has  become  increasingly  crit- 
ical, and  thinking  men  have  become  en- 
stranged  from  the  Church  which  their  fath- 
ers had  unquestioningly  reverenced,  new 
demands  are  made  upon  ecclesiastical  ac- 
tivity. It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  men 
will  support  the  Church  because  their  fath- 
ers did,  nor  tliat  moral  and  religious  inter- 
ests can  retain  their  primacy  unchanged. 

If  the  aim  of  the  Church  be  only  to  pre- 
161 


serve  the  old  customs  and  to  maintain 
Church  attendance,  she  is  doomed  to  fail- 
ure. Church  attendance  is  a  partial  index 
of  the  interest  felt  in  religious  activity. 
As  such  it  is  to  be  encouraged,  yet  the  dan- 
ger of  regarding  it  as  an  end  in  itself  is 
most  seductive.  It  is  the  moral  stimulus, 
not  any  outward  and  accidental  expression 
of  it  that  is  desired.  Human  welfare,  men's 
permanent  happiness,  not  numbers  of  ad- 
herents, must  be  made  the  object  of  Church 
work.  As  more  unselfishness  is  the  age- 
long and  ever  new  demand  upon  the  moral 
life  of  the  individual,  so  must  unselfish- 
ness be  demanded  of  the  churches'  corpor- 
ate life.  The  Church  that  shall,  as  her 
great  work,  seek  to  save  her  life  shall  lose 
it,  and  only  the  church  that  shall  be  will- 
ing to  give  all  her  energy  for  the  welfare 
of  men  shall  receive  the  reward  which 
Christian  preaching  has  always  promised 
to  the  unselfish.  This  larger  unselfishness, 
bad  policy  though  it  may  sometimes  be 
called,  is  the  only  thing  which  can  com- 
mend the  Church  of  the  twentieth  century 
to  the  conscience  of  thinking  men.  Too 
many  priests  and  Levites  have  been  tempt- 
ed to  pass  by  on  the  other  side  when  una- 
ble to  see  in  needy  neighbors  good  material 
for  Church  membership.  What  is  needed 
is  more  of  the  neighborliness  of  those 
strangers   to  culture  and   refinement,   who, 


162 


like  the  Good  Samaritan,  without  too 
careful  calculation,  are  always  ready  to  do 
a  good  turn  whenever  the  opportunity  pre- 
sents itself.  As  the  poor  themselves  in 
the  long  run  have  proven  themselves  the 
best  benefactors  of  their  neighbors,  so  the 
neighborly  instinct  which  is  one  of  the  best 
kinds  of  unselfishness  is  one  of  the  les- 
sons all  Church  workers  need  to  learn. 
Neighborhood  work  of  this  kind  is  the 
great  future  field  of  activity  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church. 


163 


APPENDIX  I. 

Events  Marking  the  Beginnings  of  Church 

Philanthropy  in  Nezu  York 

About    1853. 

1853. — St.  Luke's  Hospital  begun.  (Corner 
stone  laid  May  6th,  1854,  by  Bishop 
Wainwright.) 

1853. — Home  for  the  Sisters  of  the  Holy 
Communion  built. 

1854. —  (Jan.  12.) — St.  Luke's  Home  for  In- 
digent Women,  incorporated. 

1852.— (October.)— St.  Ann's  Church  for 
Deaf  Mutes  begun. 

1853. — "The  Trustees  of  the  Fund  for  the 
Relief  of  Widows  and  Orphans  of 
Deceased  Clergymen,  and  of  the 
Aged,  Infirm  and  Disabled  Clerg>'- 
men."  incorporated. 

1852. — Coenties'  Slip  Mission  Station 
started. 

1854. — New  Sailors'  Home  in  Market  St. 
established. 

1853. — Mrs.  Wm.  Richmond  began  visiting 
Blackwell's  Island. 

1853. — St.  George's  Mission  School  opened. 

1852. — Grace  Chapel  at  Twenty-eighth  St. 
opened. 

165 


1853.— Grace  Chapel  at  Eleventh  St.  opened. 
(1854,  Sewing  School.  1855,  Work 
Society). 

1851.— Zion  Chapel  (418  West  Forty-fourth 
Street)  begun. 

1854.— St.  Michael's  Church  built. 

1853.— St.  Peters  School  House  built. 

1855.— St.  Paul's  Chapel  School  for  Girls 
inaugurated.  The  Trinity  System 
of  Parish  Schools. 

1854.— St.  Simon's  German  Mission,  Clif- 
ton, S.  I. 

1853.— Bishop  Wainwright  planned  Train- 
ing College  for  diocese  of  New 
York  (St.  Stephen's.) 

1853.— (January.)— Rev.  E.  H.  Canfield, 
Rector  of  Christ  Church,  Brooklyn. 

1854.— P.  E.  Mutual  Benefit  Society  of 
Brooklyn. 

Other  Events  in  This  Country  Relating  to 
the   Philanthropic   Movement 
About   1853. 

1853.— (January  27.) — Corner  stone  Five 
Points  Mission. 

1854.— (March) — Five  Points  House  of  In- 
dustry incorporated. 

1853. — Wilson  Industrial  School  (called 
First  Industrial  School  established 
in  this  country.) 

185 1. — New  York  Home  and  School  of  In- 
dustry "to  give  work  to  the  female 
poor"  incorporated. 

166 


1854.— Brooklyn  Industrial  School  Associa- 
tion and  Home  for  Destitute  Chil- 
dren. 

1853.— (April  1 2th.)— "An  act  to  provide 
care  and  instruction  for  idle  and 
truant  children." 

1853.— C.  L.  Brace  founded  Children's  Aid 
Society. 

J854.— First  Newshoys'  Lodging  House. 

1853.— New  York  Juvenile  -A-sylum  opened. 

1853. —  (Jan.  13.) — Special  Committee  Asso- 
ciation for  Improvement  of  the  Con- 
dition of  the  Poor,  to  inquire  into 
the  sanitary  conditions  of  the  dwell- 
ings occupied  by  the  laboring 
classes  (reported  October  loth.) 
Committee  of  Legislature  result  of 
this  report. 

1853.— (Apr.  5.)— An  act  to  authorize  the 
formation  of  corporations  for  the 
erection  of  buildings. 

1854.— (Aug.  3.)— Workmen's  Home  Asso- 
ciation. First  Model  Tenement  in 
Mott  Street. 

1852.— (January.)— First  public  bath  and 
laundry,  Mott  and  Grand  Streets. 

1852.— First  building  law  for  Brooklyn  (fire 

escapes.) 
1851.— Law   of   New   York   City   regulating 

Building  and   Loan   Associations. 
1852.— Young   Men's   Christian   Association 
of  New  York  organized. 

167 


1851-1855- — Thirteen  States  including  New- 
York  enacted  prohibitory  liquor  leg- 
islation. 

185 1. — Demilt  Dispensary  incorporated. 

1852. — N.  W.  Dispensary  incorporated. 

1853. — James  Anderson  established  library 
at  Pittsburg  (400  books)  which  in- 
spired Andrew  Carnegie's  interest 
in  libraries. 

1852. — New  York  Ophthalmic  Hospital,  in- 
corporated. 

1853. — New  York  Infirmary  for  Women 
and  Children,  Stuyvesant  Square, 
organized. 

1854. — Nursery  and  Child's  Hospital,  571 
Lexington   Avenue,    incorporated. 

185 1. — Maimonides'  Free  Library,  723  Lex- 
ington Avenue. 

1853. — New  York  House  of  Refuge  erected 
on  Randall's  Island. 

1854. —  (Mar.  14.) — Brooklyn  Female  Em- 
ployment Society  organized. 

1851. — Graham  Home  for  Old  Ladies, 
Brooklyn,    incorporated. 

185 1. — Brooklyn  E.  D.  Dispensary  and  Hos- 
pital. 

185 1. — Swiss  Benevolent  Society  of  New 
York. 

1852. — Brooklyn  Homeopathic  Dispensary. 

1853. — Mariners"  Family  Asylum  at  Clifton 
opened. 

168 


1851. — Town  Lil)rary  Law  of  Massachu- 
setts. 

1854. — Massachusetts  Reformatory  for  Girls 
at  Lancaster. 

.1853. — "New  era  of  theological  study,"  (L. 
W.  Bacon's  History  American  Chris- 
tianity, p.  381.) 

1852. — Mount   Sinai    Hospital    incorporated. 

1852. — "Uncle  Tom's  Cabin"  published. 

1852. — Annual  appropriation  for  asj-lums  of 
the  insane  of  the  Army  and  Navy. 

Events   in   Europe   About   1853   Associated 
With  Philanthropy. 

1853. — Elberfield  system  of  Poor  Relief  es- 
tablished. (Statute  passed  July  9th, 
1852.) 

1853. — Ranke  Haus  founded  at  Hamburg 
by  J.  H.  Wichern. 

1854. — Code  of  rules  governing  destitute 
children  of  Berlin. 

1855. — Epoch  making  Swedish  law  con- 
cerning the  distilling  and  sale  of 
spirits. 

1854. —  (Oct.  20.) — Florence  Nightingale 
.sailed  for  the  Crimea. 

1852. — Co-operative  Conference  in  London. 

1852. — Industrial  and  Provident  Society 
Act  passed  Parliament.  First  of  a 
sequence  of  Acts  in  the  interests  of 
the  savings  and  investments  of  work- 
ing classes. 

169 


i854- — Marylebone  Association  for  improv- 
ing the  dwellings  of  the  industrious 
poor. 

1852. — Grant  of  French  Government  of  ten 
million  francs  for  improvement  of 
workingmen's  dwellings  in  cities. 

1851. — Quatre  Mares'  Insane  Asylum  at 
Rouen.  (One  of  the  first  and  best 
asylums  built  after  the  law  of  1838.) 

1855. — Through  the  efforts  of  Dorothea 
Dix,  Royal  Commission  appointed  to 
inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  lun- 
atic asylums  in  Scotland  and  great 
reforms  followed  throughout  the 
United  Kingdom. 

1854. — First  Industrial  Schools  Act  for 
Scotland. 

1853.— (Dec.  27.)— Meeting  at  "Hall  of  As- 
sociation." F.  D.  Maurice  petitioned 
to  become  the  principal  of  a  work- 
ingman's  college   (967  signatures.) 

1854. —  (Jan.) — Adoption  of  Tom  Hughes' 
resolution  to  establish  a  working- 
man's  college. 

1854. —  (Oct.  30.) — Inaugural  address  by  F. 
D.  Maurice. 

1853. — Royal  Charter  for  Queen's  College, 
Harley  Street.  "First  formal  public 
sanction  in  modern  times  to  the  prin- 
ciple that  the  education  of  English 
women  was  not  less  important  or 
less  worthy  of  honor  than  that  of 
men." 

170 


]854— First  English  Reformatory  Act. 
1853. — English    '"Ticket    of    Leave"    system 

established. 
1853. — Board     of     Charity     Commissioners 
created  by  Act  of  Parliament  to  sup- 
erintend the  administration  of  char- 
itable   and    educational    endowments 
of  Great  Britain. 
"The  j'ear  was  marked  by  the  in- 
troduction to  the  House  of  Lords 
and  to  the  public  of  a  number  of 
new  schemes  for  the  benefit  of  the 
London  poor.     The  first  success- 
ful effort  that  had  been  made  to 
reach  the  very  dregs  of  society, — 
the  first  to  penetrate  to  the  deepest 
dens  of  vice,  filth  and  misery." 
1851. —  (June   23.) — The    seventh     Earl    of 
Shaftesbury    took    his    seat    in    the 
House  of  Lords. 
1S51. — Sisters  of  St.  John  Baptist,  Clewer. 
1853. — All  Saints'  Sisters,  London. 
1855. — Sisters    St.    Margaret,   E.   Grinstead. 
1853. — Workingmen's  Coffee  House  of  Dun- 
dee.     (Combination    Reading   Room 
and  Restaurant.) 


171 


APPENDIX  II. 

Extension  of  the  Work  of  Church  Philan- 
thropy in  New   York  About 
the  Year  1873. 

1872.— (Dec.    14th)— Home    for    Old    Men 

and  Aged  Couples  incorporated. 
1872.— Church  Mission  to  Deaf  Mutes. 
1874.— (Feb.  5th.)— Sisters  of  St.  John  Bap- 
tist organized. 
1872-1874. — Expansion   of   work   of   Sisters 
if    St.    Mary.    (St.    Gabriel's    House 
and  Convalescent  Hospital  at  Peeks- 
kill,      School      and      Orphanage     at 
Memphis  and  Trinity  Hospital,  New- 
York,    House   for   Old   Women,    127 
Cedar  Street.) 
1872.— St.  Augustine's  Chapel,  262  Bowery. 
i873._St.    John's    Guild    establishes    barge 

for  sick  children. 
1872.— Home  for  the  Aged  incorporated. 
1873. — Workingmen's  Club  with  co- 
operative benefit.  1874.— Day  Nur- 
sery at  Church  of  Holy  Communion. 
1873.— (June    nth.)— Corner    Stone    Home 

for  Incurables  laid. 
1872.— (Oct.      4th.)— Corner       Stone       St. 

Thomas  Mission  Chapel  laid. 
1873. — Calvary  Chapel  built. 
1873.— St.  Peter's  Half  built. 
1871.— (Nov.     I2th.)— St.     Peter's     Parish 
House.  Brooklyn,  opened. 

172 


1872. — Sister  Julia  began  work  in  Brooklyn. 

1873. — Hospital  at  Albany  Avenue.  Brook- 
lyn. 

1872.— (Nov.)— "Sisterhoods  and  Deacon- 
esses," by  H.  C.  Potter,  published. 

J873.— (Nov.  1st.)— Italian  Mission  begun. 

1871.— Orphanage  Church  Holy  Trinity. 

1873. — Sheltering  Arms  Nursery  of  Brook- 
lyn. 

1874. — House  of  Rest  moved  to  its  own 
property  on  ]\It.  Hope. 

1872.— St.  Philip's  Colored  Home  begun. 

1874.— (Mar.  8th.)— St.  Margaret's  Sun- 
day School,  Van  Brunt  St.,  Brook- 
lyn, started. 

Other  Events   Marking   Philanthropic  Ex- 
tension About   the   Year   1873. 

1873. — First  National  Conference  of  Char- 
ities, etc. 

1872.— State  Charities  Aid  Association 
founded. 

1872.— (July  3rd.)— New  York  Times  sug- 
gests fresh  air  (during  summer  ex- 
pends $10,000  for  20,000  people.) 

1873. — New  York  Diet  Kitchen  Association. 

1874. — Brooklyn  Flower  and  Fruit  Charity 
organized. 

1874. — Metropolitan  Throat  Hospital,  351 
West  34th  St.,  incorporated. 

1873. — New  York  Society  for  the  Suppres- 
sion of  Vice. 

173 


1872.— West    Side    German    Dispensary    of 
City  of  New  York,  328  West  42nd 
Street. 
1874.— Young    Men's    Hebrew    Association, 
92nd  Street  and  Lexington  Avenue, 
incorporated. 
1874.— New     York     Training     School     for 
Nurses   at   Bellevue   Hospital   incor- 
porated. 
1873.— Young  Women's   Christian  Associa- 
tion of  the  City  of  New  York  organ- 
ized. 
1872.— McAuley  Water   Street   Mission  or- 
ganized. 
1873.— Kindergartens     introduced    into    the 

Public  Schools  at  St.  Louis. 
1873.— "The   Kindergarten   Messenger"   be- 
gun by  Miss  Elizabeth  Peabody. 
1874.— (July    22nd.)— Peabody    Home    for 

Aged  Women. 
1872.— (May.)— South    Brooklyn     Employ- 
ment Society  organized. 
1874.— Hospital  Book  and  Newspaper  Soci- 
ety, New  York. 
1875.— Farming  out  of  the  poor  abolished. 

Events  in  Europe  About  1873. 

1872.— Rev.  S.  A.  Barnett,  Vicar  of  St. 
Jude's,  Whitechapel. 

1873.— Coffee  Palace  Limehouse  (Rhodes- 
well  Road.) 

174 


i874- — Children's  Sanatoria  in  Kolljcrg  and 
Rothenfeldt,  followed  by  the  Ger- 
man Fresh  Air  expansion. 

1873. — (Jan.) — Arnold  Toynbee  matricu- 
lated at   Pembroke  College,  Oxford. 

1875. — Toynbee  goes  to  VVhitechapel. 

1875. — T.  H.  Green  set  up  a  coffee  tavern  in 
St.  Clement's. 

1873.— (Jan.)— Girl's  Public  Day  School 
Co.  opened  first  school  at  Chelsea. 

1872. — Destitute  persons'  Act  (South  Aus- 
tralia.) First  recognition  of  board- 
ing out  .system  of  children  in  Aus- 
tralia.    Victoria  followed. 

1873. — University  extension  established  at 
Cambridge  University. 

1874. — (Mar.  24th.) — First  Diggers'  Break- 
fast given  by  Ruskin  to  'the  Hinksey 
road  makers. 

APPENDIX  III. 

Events  About  the   Year  1885  Marking   tlie 

Completion    of    the    Thirty    Years' 

Development   of   Chnreh 

Philanthropy. 

1883. —  (Jan.  1.) — Wm.  S.  Rainsford  be- 
came Rector  St.  George's  Church. 

1883. — (Oct.  20.) — Henry  C.  Potter  conse- 
crated Bishop. 

1883. —  (Jan.  25.)— Dedication  of  Grace 
Memorial  House. 

175 


1885. — Clinrcii    of    the     Reformation     built, 

(later  Pro-Cathedral,  now  Epiphany 

Chapel,  Stanton  Street.) 
1885. — Holy  Cross  Mission  Church  built. 
1885. — Holy  Cross  Parish  School  Building, 

Avenue  C  and  Fourth  Street. 
1886. — Home  for  the  Blind  at  104th  Street 

built. 
1885.— (Dec.)— Gallaudet    Home    for    Deaf 

Mutes. 
1887. —  (June      I.) — St.      Michael's      Home 

opened  at  Mamaroneck. 
1883.— St.  Mark's  (Memorial)  Chapel,  Ave- 
nue A  and  Tenth  Street  built. 
1884. — All  Souls'  Summer  Home,  Sea  Cliff, 

opened. 
1887.— (Nov.      17.)— Men's     Club     of     St. 

Thomas'  Chapel  organized. 
1886. — Brothers  of  Nazareth  organized  and 

All    Saints'    Convalescent   Home  be- 
gun. 
1883. — Kindergarten    basis     of     East     Side 

Home  begun. 
1886.— Vanderbilt  Clinic,  P.  &  S.  erected. 
1887. — St.      George's      (Tracy)      Memorial 

House,  204  E.   17th  Street,  built. 
1886. — First  Deaconess  at  St.  George's   (J. 

E.  Forneret.) 
1884. — Advent    Guild    Festival    inaugurated 

at  St.  Chrysostom's. 
1884. — Galilee  Mission  established,  401  East 

23rd  Street. 

176 
(II) 


1885.— "Yemcrsca"  (Sister  Cornelia's) 
Home  at  Ocean  Beach  and  Holy 
Trinity  Home  at  South  Norwalk. 

iflSj. — Church  Association  for  Advance- 
ment  Interests   of   Labor   organized. 

1886-1887. — Corporation  office  and  Trinity 
Mission  House  l)uilt. 

1884.— Holy  Trinity  Mission  House  and 
Day  Nursery,  307  East  112th  Street. 

1885.— Guild  House  St.  Mary  Virgin  built. 

18S4.— School  House,  Sisters  St.  John  Bap- 
tist, built. 

1886.— (Sept.)— St.   Andrew's  Convalescent 
Hospital,  217  East  17th  Street  open- 
.      ed. 

1884.— Girls'  Friendly  Society  branches  at 
St.  George's,  Pro-Cathedral  and  St. 
Paul'.s  Chapel.     St.  Ann's,  Brooklyn. 

1886.— (Nov.)— Laura  Franklin  Hospital 
opened. 

1887. — Church  Periodical  Club  founded. 

1885.— Chapel  and  North  Wing  Home  for 
Incurables,  Fordham,  built. 

1883. — Mt.  Minturn  bought,  and  Industrial 
Training  for  Boys  opened  at  Shelter- 
ing Arms. 

1S85.— (Jan.  25.) — 191  9th  Avenue  opened 
by  the  Sisters  of  the  Good  Shep- 
herd. 38  Bleecker  Street  acquired  as 
a  Clergy  House  for  the  P.  E.  City 
Mission  Society. 

177 


1887.— (May  5)— St.  Phebe's  Mission 
House,  Brooklyn,  opened. 

1888.— (Mar.  s.)— David  Hummel  Greer 
elected  Rector  of  St.  Bartholomew's 
Church. 

Other  Events  About  1885. 

1885. — Young  Peoples'  Society  Christian 
Endeavor. 

1883- 1886.— Brotherhood  of  St.  Andrew  de- 
veloped from  a  Bible  Class  to  a  Na- 
tional organization, 

1885. — "Daughters  of  the  King"  organized. 

1887. — College  Slettlement  A,ssociation  at 
Smith  College. 

1885. — Tenement  House  Building  Company 
incorporated. 

1886. — National  Christian  League  for  the 
Promotion  of  Social  Purity,  2)2)  East 
Twenty-second  Street,  organized. 

1887. — Neighborhood  Guild,  New  York. 

1885. — White  Cross  Society  organized. 

1884.— Sherred  Hall  built,  first  building  of 
new   General   Theological    Seminary. 

1886. — Vacation  School  part  of  the  public 
school  system  of  Newark.  (First 
in  Boston,  1878.) 

1886. — First  directed  playground,  Parmeter 
Street,  Boston. 

1885. — Margaret  Fahnestock  Training 
School  for  Nurses,  304  East  20th 
Street,  organized. 

178 


1885. — Association  of  Working  Girl's  Socie- 
ties organized. 

1884. — Avenue  C  Working  Boys'  Clul)  at 
650  East  14th  Street. 

.1884. — Bartholdi  (Edgewatcr)  Creche  ge- 
gim. 

1884. — Industrial     Educational     Association 
of  New  York  City  organized. 
Brooklyn  Bureau  of  Charities: 

1885. —     Laundries. 

1884. —     Woodyards. 

1887. —    Lodgings. 

1887. —     Nurseries. 

Castleton : 
1885.—    C.  O.  S. 
1885. —     Savings  Society. 
1886. —    Free  Circulating  Library. 

Events  in  Great  Britain  About  1885  Mark- 
ing the  Maturity  of  Modern 
Philanthropic    Ideas. 

1885. —  (January.) — Toynbec  Hall,  Wliitc- 
chapel. 

1886. — Toynbee    House,    Glasgow. 

1885. — University  Club,  Bethnal  Green,  be- 
gun by  P.  R.  Buchanan. 

1885. — Trinity  College  Mission,  Cambcrwell. 

1887. — Peoples'  Palace,  Mile  End  Road. 

1886. — Recreative  Evening  School  Associa- 
tion. 

1883. — Mansion  House  Committee  on  dwell- 
ings of  the  poor. 

179 


i886. — Mr.  Chas.  Booth  began  his  study  of 
London  poverty. 

1883.— (October.)— "Bitter  Cry  of  Outcast 
London"  published. 

1883. —  (January.) — W.  H.  Freemantlc  pub- 
lished "The  World  the  Subject  of 
Redemption." 


180 


VITA. 

The  writer  of  the  foregoing  was  born  at 
Morrisania,  New  York,  August  20th,  1871. 
After  graduating  from  Grammar  School 
No.  61.  he  studied  at  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York,  where  he  was  Prize 
Speaker  in  1S91  and  1892.  In  this  latter 
year  he  entered  Columbia  University  and 
received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in 
the  Class  of  1893. 

He  graduated  from  the  General  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  1896,  being  Seymour 
Prizeman  (for  extempore  speaking)  that 
same  year,  and  was  ordered  Deacon  by  the 
Bishop  of  New  York,  May  31st,  1896. 
After  serving  as  Chaplain  of  the  City  Pris- 
on and  Ludlow  Street  Jail,  New  York,  for 
about  six  months,  he  became  Curate  of 
Grace  Church,  Plainfield,  New  Jersey, 
where  he  was  ordained  Priest  by  the  Bishop 
of  New  Jersey.  April  24th,  1898.  At  the 
Fourth  Lambeth  Conference  he  served  as 
Chaplain  to  the  Bishop  of  Texas,  and  in 
the  summer  of  1900  was  in  residence  at 
the  Oxford  House,  London.  A  sermon  en- 
titled:  "The  Verdict  of  Mankind  on  the 
Facts  Found  in  the  Trial  (if  Jesus  of  Naz- 
areth" preached  in  the  University  Chapel  at 
Bonn,  was  printed  by  request  in  1900. 
During  the  years  1893  and  1894  and  again 
from  1897  to  1900  he  was  in  residence  as  a 

181 


graduate  student  at  Columbia  University. 
He  took  charge  of  the  Mission  Chapel 
of  St.  Luke's  Church,  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
in  1901,  and  the  following  year  became 
Assistant  to  the  Rector  of  Christ  Church, 
Brooklyn.  In  1904  he  assumed  the  Rector- 
ship of  St.  Clement's  Church,  in  the  same 
place.  While  residing  in  Brooklyn,  he  has 
acted  as  Chaplain  of  the  Brooklyn  Home 
for  Consumptives.  In  1906  he  was  appoint- 
ed Alumni  Prize  Examiner  at  the  General 
Theological  Seminary,  and  a  member  of 
the  Social  Service  Committee  of  the  Dio- 
cese of  Long  Island. 


182 


RECORDER    PRESS 
PLAI  NFIELD,    N.   J 


(12) 


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This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


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